Sunday, December 29, 2019

Benefits of Early Childhood Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1891 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? If school is about learning, and learning starts at birth, then the idea that we expect Kindergarteners to meet their first teachers at age five is all wrong (English, 2018). There is increasing research being facilitated on early education with specific emphasis on the overall benefits it has on children. The range of benefits discussed in recent research include academic achievement, behavior, educational progression and attainment, delinquency and crime, and labor market success, among other domains (RAND, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits of Early Childhood Education" essay for you Create order While much research is available on the outcomes of early childhood education, it is the objective of this paper is to focus on the range of benefits and outcomes of early childhood education on disadvantaged and underserved children. In this literature review, I will discuss scholarly research findings which cover several elements of effective, quality early childhood education in underserved communities. This research covers topics such as how high-quality early education would narrow achievement gaps, lower involvement in the criminal justice system, and provide adequate return on financial investment for communities. What is Quality Early Childhood Education? Although there is substantial research data detailing what early education programs need to have in order to provide effective, quality education through Kindergarten; one study, synthesized by the RAND corporation (2005), had some interesting and promising findings. In 2005, the RAND Corporation did a research brief outlining scientifically based, published research on the benefits of early childhood education. The brief compared twenty early education programs throughout the nation, which provide varied, but effective approaches to early education. These programs used various interventions which span from prenatal services through Kindergarten readiness programs. According to an article, How Pre School Fights Poverty, Cynthia Lamy of ASCD.org, while the programs had various success in their methods, the research was able to conclude that each of the programs included a combination of the following elements: adequately trained, professionally educated caregivers/educators, smaller child-to-staff ratios, comprehensive and intensive services for children and families (Lamy, 2012). The information provided by this report details more about intervention features that generate better outcomes for children. This is significant because it equips policymakers and educators with valuable, scientifically sound data to achieve optimal designs for the children and families that they serve. Early Education Can Narrow Achievement Gaps The overwhelming evidence shows that children who enter kindergarten behind are likely to remain behind throughout their educational careers and beyond. These gaps in achievement are difficult to close with K-12 education alone. An article published on Every Child Matters.org, discusses the importance of early education and closing long-standing achievement gaps. This article references a report by Presidents Obamas Council of Economic Advisors titled, The Economics of Early childhood Investments, in which it discusses why high quality, dependable, affordable, and accessible child care for children early on is important as we continue to see growth in both the opportunity and achievement gaps children face nationally. Although still an issue, the research on achievement gaps shows promising results-in with the black-white disparity. In an analysis by President Obamas Council on Academic Advisers (2015), early childhood education increases cognitive and achievement scores by 0.35 standard deviations on average, or nearly half the black-white difference in the kindergarten achievement gap. Since higher income children are currently more likely to have access to high-quality early education, expanding access to underserved children would likely narrow the achievement. Although we know narrowing the achievement gap is a focus of early education, it is also important to understand what skills promote Kindergarten readiness and how to get children there. The above-mentioned article on the importance of early childhood education also states how communities can help ensure children show up to kindergarten ready to learn by providing options for accessing high-quality early childhood programs where they can develop the full range of skills necessary to be successful in school and life (Beaver, 2016). In addition to this, an infographic provided by the Zero to Three organization (2012), informs that a child who has received effective, quality early childhood education and is Kindergarten ready, will have the following attributes: healthy relationships with adults, varied experiences (especially with words/vocabulary), appropriate emotional responses (empathy, resilience, self-control etc.) and learn through play and be good problem solvers. These children, according to Mike English of Pre-KC, will now be ready for Kindergarten, they will also be more likely to read proficiently by then end of third grade, and ultimately graduate high school prepared for college or the workforce (English, 2018). Lower Involvement in the Criminal Justice System Research shows children who enter school at higher levels of readiness have higher earnings throughout their lives, they are also healthier and less likely to become involved with the criminal justice system. These positive effects suggest that investments in early childhood can benefit society. In research published by New York University Psychologys Adolescent Pathways Project, professor Hirokazu Yoshikawa discusses how early childhood education programs have long-term positive effects on social outcomes and delinquency. This research also states that improving cognitive and socio-emotional development and investing in early childhood education may reduce involvement with the criminal justice system. Lower crime translates into benefits to society from increased safety and security as well as lower costs to the criminal justice system. Early childhood education programs accompanied with family supports, provide a range of emotional, informational, and/or educational support to families with infants and preschool-age children. Early education programs are usually center based, and their core service is usually to provide an educational curriculum to groups of preschoolers or infants and toddlers, but they can also provide services as varied as basic preventive health care, informational support regarding parenting and child development, and emotional support (Yoshikawa, 1995). This literature states that programs which address multiple risk factors of delinquency in youth (ex: low-income households, single parent, low parent education level, low birth weight/preterm) and that blend aspects of family supports, and early childhood education are the foster the most promising results when it comes to steering youth away from involvement in the criminal justice system. Early Childhood Education Provides Adequate Return on Investment for Communities A common argument for supporting early childhood is that it is a good investment. To explore the idea of return on investment, the rationale behind the economic and business case for spending on early childhood would need to be explained. Early childhood programs cost money, of course, but studies show that the benefits associated with such programs also come with monetary gains and savings (RAND, 2005). In other words, the original investment generates a financial return. According to the RAND brief, if a low-income parent can secure a place for her child in a high-quality daycare program, that child is likely to benefit from exposure to a wider array of learning opportunities than he or she might have at home. Enrolling her child in daycare may also open the door for the parent to take on employment or further her education in order to improve her career prospects. Those individual benefits can be substantial, and life-changing. Other benefits of early childhood programs include state and local government, and society at large. Because high quality early childhood programs promote healthy development, they can generate savings by preventing the need for more expensive interventions later in a childs life .For example, studies show that participation in high-quality early care can help children avoid special education, grade repetition, and incarceration â€Å" all outcomes that imply large costs for government and for society (RAND, 2005). Furthermore, children (over the long term) and parents who participate in such programs are more likely to be employed; thus, revenue from their taxes and enhanced buying power can positively contribute to the economy (The Center for High Impact Philanthropy, 2018). For example, the National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs has found that high quality early childhood programs can yield a $4 â€Å" $9 dollar return per $1 invested. According to Early Childhood researcher, Larry Schweinhart (2012), a 2009 study of Perry Preschool, a high-quality program for 3-5 year olds developed in Michigan in the 1960s, estimated a return to society of between about $7 and $12 for each $1 invested.The research is clear, early childhood stands out as a particularly noteworthy area for investment mainly because so many interventions appear to save money in the longer term. Trends and Issues in Early Childhood Education Although the research indicating benefits on early childhood education are promising, there is other data presented by research that is worth mentioning in this paper. Research has shown that children enrolled in Head Start programs benefit by receiving formal education before kindergarten. Likewise, it was shown that children enrolled in Head Start programs learned quicker than children not enrolled in these programs. In an interview with Kandace Buckner, the Educational Director of Innovators Prep Academy, a local early childhood program, children who attend early childhood programs enter kindergarten with a stronger sense of self and are acclimated to the structure of school. These skills are essential for boosting children who are disadvantaged (personal communication, October 12, 2018). However, the critics of early childhood education claim the differences between children enrolled in these programs and children not receiving early childhood education are only obvious during kindergarten, first, and second grade. During following years, children whove not received formal education prior to kindergarten test at the same level and behave like their peers with pre-kindergarten formal education (RAND, 2005). Therefore, these children may be at an advantage for a couple of years, but after that, their classmates perform at similar levels. Another major problem with some early childhood programs, such as Head Start, is that children qualifying for these programs usually come from families living below poverty-line, so these programs are not readily available for children from all backgrounds (RAND, 2005). Overall, the critical opinions seem to promote parent responsibility for properly educating their children over government/state funded programs for early childhood. Reaction Personally, the conclusions I drew from the research studied about early childhood education are that individuals and societies greatly benefit, in terms of social, economic, and other benefits, from it. The research shows that having greater emphasis placed on early education is one strategy to improve substance abuse, criminal behavior and cycles of poverty that plague many adolescents and young adults in underserved communities. With more schools moving toward implementing data-driven practices, it is important as educators to use that same method of data/research to improve the outcomes for underserved/disadvantaged children to help promote school readiness- access to quality early childhood education is one of the best ways to achieve this. Conclusion While parents, educators and even politicians have become active participants in the advocacy for early childhood education, much still needs to be done to address the issues and eventually reap the benefits discussed in this paper. Modern research on the benefits of early childhood education have brought to light how it impacts the achievement gap, reduces youth involvement in crime and presents a more than adequate return on investment for communities. We know that early childhood education benefits disadvantaged children, the task now is to convince society that the benefits surpass impacting only underserved, communities-but its reaches stretch across socioeconomic lines and racial barriers. It was the founder of the immensely popular Montessori program, Maria Montessori, who poignantly sums up the essence of the research on early childhood education when she stated, Early childhood education is the key to the betterment of society- a notation I adamantly agree with.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Types Of Interviews From The University Career Center

There are many types of interviews and according to the UTSA University Career Center; there are over fourteen types of interviews ranging from individual interviews to group interviews to behavioral and clinical interviews. Dictionary.com defines interviewing as â€Å"a formal meeting in which one or more persons question, consult, or evaluate another person.† As a future Human Services professional interviewing will most likely be a major part of my career and since I am currently working with teens and young adults I have decided to focus and explore interviewing with adolescents. Adolescence is manifested by the onset of puberty â€Å"marked by dramatic changes in hormone levels and in physical appearance: physical growth, changes in facial structure, and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. Over the same interval, adolescents experience numerous changes in social and other environmental influences, and typically enter a stage of profound psychological transiti on. The end of adolescence is said to occur when an individual has attained a stable adult role.† (Burnett, Blakemore, Dahl 2010, pg. 926). The onset of puberty can start as early as six years old and go as late as twenty-one years old. For many teens that is a period of trial and error, testing boundaries, values and establishing their own identities. For many it is a time where there body is awkward lengths, acne is barring its teeth and voice starts to crack at the worst times possible. The stage ofShow MoreRelatedCareer Journey For Success : My Career Path941 Words   |  4 Pages Career Journey to Success My career path was rerouted after the birth to my son. I was managing a 24-hour Alarm Monitoring Call Center with two years of college education in Psychology. 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As a result, I decide to interview SarahRead MoreIs It Feasible To Increase The Number Of Students Who Attend799 Words   |  4 PagesIs it Feasible to Increase the number of students who attend CSU’s job fairs? Introduction The Career Center at Colorado State University is a vital part of a student’s time spent at the school. It provides students with opportunities to connect with people through a variety of networking channels. One way they help students meet potential employers, is through their job fairs. An increase in the amount of students who attend job fairs can directly increase the number of students who get jobsRead MoreCareer Counseling Is Crucial For College Students1271 Words   |  6 PagesCareer counseling is crucial for college students as they prepare for the real world. I have not been certified as a career counselor, but many aspects of my job require these types of conversations with my students. 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These include the Career Center and StudentRead MoreCreating Your Career Plan By Henry Wadsworth873 Words   |  4 PagesCreating Your Career Plan Henry Wadsworth Longfellow penned one of my favorite sayings: â€Å"The heights by great men reached and kept, were not obtained by sudden flight, but they, while their companions slept, were toiling upward in the night† (Bill n.d.). My ninth grade English teacher had a new quote or adage for us to learn at the start of every class. I owe her for teaching me the definition of the word: Gumption, as well as introducing me to quotes that I have used to push myself when I thoughtRead MoreThe Job Advertisement That Make It Effective786 Words   |  4 Pagesmeeting with students each day to assist with career exploration and career planning. In addition, the position is a full-time opening, which helps the reader to understand they need to have certain qualifications before considering the position. The salary is presented below the overview so that the candidate can know the value of the position. During any job search, it can be frustrating to the candidate if the salary is not presented. When designing any type of position, it is best to be transparentRead MoreJournalism : An Objective And Ethical Way1218 Words   |  5 Pagesvariety of topics every day. A career in journalism is often a thankless and low paying job. The people who choose this job must have a passion for writing and informing the public. To further analyze a career in journalism, look at the steps to becoming one, the different types of journalism, and the qualities a journalist needs to become successful. There are a lot of steps to complete in the process of becoming a journalist. Many people begin preparing for a career in journalism by going to anRead MoreWorking My Pro Shop Assistant Job At Chisago Lakes Golf Course1189 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancing their brand. We see new shoes, new hats, new shirts come out of Nike every day. I believe I am the same way as Nike because I am always advancing myself in the latest, or newest ways to do things. Advancing as a person I believe sets you apart from the rest of the pack. I was listening to Dr. Eric Thomas, who is a motivational speaker out of Detroit. He said that if you learn something new every day for a year you learn 365 new things. If you learn something new every week that is 52 new things

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Persuasive Essay On Abortion Pro Choice Example For Students

Persuasive Essay On Abortion Pro Choice AbortionsAbortions should be illegal if you are going to go out and have unprotected sex, then you should be willing to take responsibility for your actions. The unborn child that is conceived has done no wrong and shouldnt have to suffer because of the mothers actions. Women shouldnt have a right to kill their preborn child. The word choice shouldnt be used in regard to abortions, since killing a preborn child offers the child no choice at all. If you think about it nearly 30 million preborn children have been slaughter in their mothers wombs. Millions of women have been traumatized both mentally and physically by their decision to exercise their so called right to an abortion. The number of reported legal abortions from 1972 through 1992 has risen each year. The percentage of teenagers having abortions began to drop in the 1980s because of the law requiring a parents involvement. The highest abortion rate is among eighteen to nineteen year old women. Each year about 15,000 abortions attributed to rape and incest this about one percent of all abortions. Allowing abortions is promoting values that encourage crime, illegitimacy, and the breakdown of families. Why would anyone want to put themselves through this procedure if it could be deadly? A woman from Brooklyn, New York died from a legal abortion and the police engaged in cover up. Tamika Dowdy, 22 was pronounced dead after having a legal abortion at Long Island College Hospital on Wednesday (reported in the case of http://www.roevwade.org/rvw//. html). Dowdys fiance Rudy Alston waited in the waiting room for six hours the abortion practitioner told him that Dowdys heart had stopped. Dowdy and Alston were planning on a January or February wedding and the couple didnt want a child because Dowdy wanted to go to a two year accounting school. The police officials tried to squelch news by omitting the tragic abortion death from their daily report that Dowdy died after an abortion(according to the case of http://www. roevwade.org/rvw//.html). They included only the address where the incident took place, not even mentioning an abortion was involved. I feel that abortions should be illegal just because of cases just like this one many other cases happen just like this one all the time. Why put yourself through an abortion when you could get help taking care of your child. There are more than 3,200 crisis pregnancy centers across the nation offering women the choice not to abort their children. These centers offer everything to carry the baby to term: cloths, furniture, parenting classes, and a very important thing, love. If these centers are out there then why would anyone want to abort a preborn child. When an abortion is performed at a non hospital the average cost was $296 as of 1993(Jacobs, Landes, Siegel, 1996) . The farther along you get in the pregnancy the more expensive the abortion cost. When an abortion is performed in a hospital the average cost was $1,757 as of 1993(Jacobs, Landes, Siegel, 1996). Paying for the abortion could get expensive and be a burden. Some private insurers will cover abortion expenses. Most middle class women can usually afford an abortion, but is often a burden for poorer women. For women whose lives were endangered by rape or incest 99 percent of the abortions are government funded. Abortions should be performed in the first trimester by vacuum aspiration (suction). The physician widens the cervix and inserts a tube into the uterus. The tube is connected to a suction machine that empties the contents of the uterus, this procedure takes about five minutes. In the second trimester, a similar procedure called dilation and evacuation (DE) is the most common method. .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 , .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .postImageUrl , .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 , .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:hover , .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:visited , .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:active { border:0!important; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:active , .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8 .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42d46b1ed9dc0fb300b936d7ec705ca8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Courtly Love and Social Institutions Essay The reason a different procedure is because the fetus is larger and the cervix must dilate. The process of dilation can take several hours or even overnight. Once the cervix is dilated, a suction machine is used to empty the uterus. Sometimes the physician scrapes the lining of the uterus to make sure the fetus is totally removed. Abortions performed later in the second trimester, physicians use medical induction which is when a saline solution is injected into the uterus, causing contractions to expel the fetus(Family, 1998, February). After reading how an abortion is done this sound like it would be very painful and uncomfortable. If something goes wrong you could die from this procedure so why even put yourself though this instead use your head before you loose your life. When performing a late term/partial-birth abortion a technique called the Dilation and Extraction (DX) is used. This involves two days of dilation of the cervix. Then an ultrasound probe is used to find the lower extremities of the unborn baby. Large grasping forceps are worked through the mothers vaginal and cervical canals and into her uterus. With the forceps a leg of the infant is pulled into the mothers vagina. Then the surgeon uses his fingers to deliver the opposite lower extremity, then the torso, the shoulders, and the upper extremities(Family, 1998, February). The skull lodges at the internal cervical. While clutching the babys shoulders, the abortionist takes a pair of blunt curved Metzenbaum scissors. Carefully he advances the tip curved down along the spine and under his middle finger until he feels it contact the base of the skull. Then the scissors are forced into the base of the skull after safely entered in the skull the scissors are spread to enlarge the opening. The scissors are removed and a suction catheter is inserted into the hole and the content in the skull is evacuated. With the catheter still in place traction is applied to the fetus removing it completely from the patient(Family, 1998, February). This procedure is very sick how could anyone think of sticking a baby with scissors and killing it when it is almost ready to be born. Anyone to do this has to be sick, if an abortion is going to be done it should never wait this long. Abortions should never have to take place anyway if good enough to have sex then you are good enough to have a baby. Going through each one of these steps just makes you ask why over and over especially the partial-birth. The baby has never done anything wrong it was the mothers fault and the baby has no chance. Abortions should be illegal no one except rape or incest patients should have them. After finding out that nearly 4,400 legal abortion occur each day in the United States, this is a very high number of babies that never make it into the world they are just killed. Reference Brooklyn Woman Dies from Legal Abortion, Police Engage in Cover Up. Retrieved February 23, 2000, From the World Wide Web http://www. roevwade.org/rvw//.html Jacobs, N.R. , B.A., M.A. , Landes, A., B.A., Siegal, M. A., PhD (1996). Abortion an Eternal Social and Moral Issue. New York: New York Status of Abortion in America. (1998, February) Family, 1-3

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Analyzing The Interfaces of Coca Cola Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyzing Interfaces of Coca Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Coca-Cola Company was started many years back and the company has seen tremendous growth since then. The companys history dates back to the year 1886 where John Pemberton a drug specialist had some interest to transform peoples lives positively. While making some fragrant mix-up i.e. a fluid called caramel hued he decided to share the fluid with Jacob a pharmacist. The fluid was mixed up by some carbonated water in the pharmacy and some clients after tasting it concluded that it was a beverage (Coca-Cola Company, 2013). Thats how Coca-Cola came to existence. The beverage was given the name Coca-Cola by Frank Robinson. The company is headquartered in Atlanta Georgia with co-partners close to 93,000. Currently the company is ranked as one of the biggest companies in the world selling refreshments. It has its operations in more than 200 countries and its market portfolio has more than 3000 drinks. The drinks are refreshments and sparkling juices like squeezes, water, espressos and bever ages. Coca-Cola company and operation infrastructure Coca-Cola Companys mission is to ensure the world is refreshed in the mind, body and spirit. The company also works towards inspiring moments of happiness ad optimism using their brands and actions also to create value and make a difference in the lives of their customers. However the company does not operate minus competition and its key competitors include Nestle S.A., PepsiCo and Dr Pepper Snapple group (Coca-Cola Company, 2013). The interfaces Interfacing among departments at Coca-Cola Company contributes greatly to their success in the beverage industry. The impact brought by logistics department to other departments cannot be assumed since this department is at the core of business operations. Interface between logistics and other departments at Coca-Cola Company Interface logistics with marketing department Marketing department plays great roles in regards to the branding and advertisement of various Coca-Cola products (Mollenkopf, Russo and Frankel, 2007b). This department however has to work in coordination with the logistics department to ensure success. If these two departments work together, hidden problems are likely to be uncovered and thus lead to an increase in customer satisfaction. This will also affect efficiency which will be greater and raise profit potentials. Logistics is the other half of marketing department and vice versa. This is because both departments work towards putting the end product into the hands of the end user who is the consumer. Looking at the marketing mix i.e. product, promotion, price and place its obvious that the buyer cannot buy any product of this company regardless of the efforts put in by the marketing department unless the product is physically and conveniently available for purchase which is the role of the logistics department (Mollenkopf et al., 2007b). Interface logistics with production department: Production department survives in the traditional sketch of the logistics system. This indication is often clearly stipulated in a flow diagram with detailed examinations (Charlesworth, 2009). Its therefore the role of the logistics manager to take keen interest in the system and work with an aim of not dictating the matters relating to the production system but only offer the needed assistance. With production and logistics there is a need to understand the impact of customized logistical designs on the overall performance of the company. Logistics department thus shares many responsibilities with production department (Sheth Uslay, 2007). Logistics department is tasked with overseeing transport activities, management of inventory and warehousing activities while production oversees the companys activities that ensure products are manufactured on time, manipulating of materials needed in the production exercise, quality control and overall maintenance. For manufacturing to be effic ient the process of production and logistics has to be well coordinated and the interface has to generate positive energy. Interface logistics and finance/ accounting department Finance department ensures activities within the companies are run smoothly because its the sector that deals with payment of workers, clearance of customer orders, purchase of equipment at the company and payment of suppliers on time (Schramm and Morschett, 2006). This department interfaces a lot with logistics department because for any activity to be done at the logistics department money has to be released by the accountants. For example any delays in the procurement department as a result of failure on the finance sector to release money leads to slugging of the entire processes done at the logistics department. Management of inventory by the logistics department is dependent upon the finance people to ensure stock is replaced on time and all the suppliers are paid with no balances (Wagner and Bode, 2008). Failure on the accounts department to update their records means some equipment may be delayed to be bought as per the request from production department and in return slow th e entire efforts of meeting the demands of their clients. Four Steps of Order Cycle for the company Order cycle simply means the process in which an order from the clients or customers is processed by the company (Delmas and Montiel, 2009). This process is often done in an orderly manner from the transmittal stage, processing, picking and packaging and then delivery of the order to the customer Order transmittal This is where a customer makes some request for certain products from the company could be coke zero fizzy drinks. This application is done online by filling a form. The orders are placed via an electronic data system (Lusch, Vargo and OBrien, 2007). The purchaser prints out the purchase order (PO) and makes it available to the authorized personnel at the various outlets of Coca-Cola Company so as to have it approved. Once the order has been approved, the PO is emailed to the suppliers. Purchasing order sample Order processing These are the activities that aim at completing the order received from the customer. The activities here include the role of production department which monitors completion of the order processing in an accurate manner and delivery of the finished products to the customers (Delmas and Montiel, 2009). In this stage its the responsibility of the accounts department to ensure the customer has paid for the requested products and the customer order is entered into the system. The marketing department is tasked with the role of designing the products according to the clients requirements. It also works towards enhancing long-term relationship with its customers the logistics department is then supposed to pick the purchased products and pack them ready for transportation to the customer (Grnroos, 2007). It also stocks up the shortage inventory within the shortest time possible. Transportation department then arranges for the delivery of the products with the appropriate transport means de pending on the fragility of the products and the weight as well as the urgency for delivery. Order picking and packaging The store department is at this stage in possession of the material list form the production department after clearance by the accounts department. The store manager collects the required products to either deliver them to the production department if its for manufacturing or to the transport department if they are to be delivered to a customer. All the accuracy has to be observed by cross checking the request list before releasing the required products. The store manager then checks the inventories for the stock out (Delmas and Montiel, 2009). Its the decision of the store manager to request the purchasing department for restock of the products that have been taken by the production department or customer. Once al the required products are received by the production department it commences the production exercise and the finished products are transferred to the logistics department for delivery to the customer (Carter and Easton, 2011). Upon receiving the products from the producer the logistics department prints out barcodes and pastes on each packaging in a serialized manner. They then enclose the packaging list in the delivery order. Order delivery Its the final phase in the order cycle system. The right shipping mode is selected by the logistics manager to deliver the goods (Mentzer, Stank and Esper, 2008). They then arrange for transportation means as well as carrier time. They make a follow up until the goods are delivered to the customer. In case of any lost goods the logistics department takes the responsibility of tracing them back. Therefore the safe and timely delivery of goods to the clients is the role of the logistics department. Order delivery sample Recommendations The order cycle for Coca-Cola company as it is quite efficient however its recommended that the company invests heavily on the current technology in product delivery so as to cut down on extra expenses as a result of doing work manually as well as to save on time and resources. The company should maximize on the use of enterprise resource planning system for the tracking of its activities in the order cycle. Inventory management The role of inventory management is purely allocated to logistics department at Coca-Cola Company. This sector is very important in ensuring the companys records are up to date when it comes to in and out stocks. The personnel in charge of this sector have to ensure the company is stocked in line with the demands on the market. This is done so as to avoid overstocking which may lead to products going bad or under stocking which may fail to meet the customers demands on the market. Therefore a lot of capital is usually invested in inventory (Larson, Poist and Halldosson, 2007). A lot of cash can be tied up by the products if the inventory system is not well managed. Inventory in most cases takes up warehouse space, requires good handling and can spoil or even go out of style or even lost and to some extend stolen if the management is not careful. The manual means of handling inventory is likely to lead to data entry errors, mistakes in shipping and lack of knowledge on what should be done in terms of restocking the warehouse (Larson et al., 2007). This explains why inventory management at Coca-Cola Company is done using current means of technology with minimal paper works involved. This company uses continuous review systems to order items with the same quantity every time an order is placed. However inventory levels are always monitored and incase the quantity of an item drops below the set levels the stock has to be replenished (Krasnikov, Satish and Kumar, 2009). A cycle counting program is also in place to ensure the companys cycles count. The counting frequency, counting strategy and whoever is in charge are key things that the company considers while using the program. An inventory management system has been put in place so as to know the most important inventory levels that are beneficial to the flow of the business. I mportant data is tracked and such data include sales patterns, seasonality and the previous turnovers (Martinsen and Huge-Brodin, 2010). This enables the company to make more educated decisions regarding the business. Inventory management system flow-sample The company has embraced an early implementation of quality control strategies and this has had direct linkages to customer satisfaction and also growth of the company business (Lin Ho, 2008). Quality control activities involves things like asking workers to check for any signs of damage, ensure the product colors, styles and sizes are of good and right quality as well as crosschecking the terms of sale and prices. The inventory activities should not be impacted on negatively by the warehouse environment and therefore light, humidity and temperature are always right for Coca-Cola products storage (Homburg and Ove, 2007). A good inventory management should ensure the company optimizes on the stock levels and this is what Coca-Cola has always aimed at achieving. This is because it boosts efficiency and meets the customers demands that are always changing. When inventory control is giving first priority glaring inefficiencies at the company can be avoided and thus help the company to p repare accurately for the future. Conclusion From the operations of Coca-Cola company its evident that logistics department plays important roles in ensuring the success of the business. However its important to note that this department cannot operate on its own and therefore there has to exists a positive interface coexistence between logistics and departments such as production, marketing and finance. Once these departments work in coordination success is something inevitable. The order cycle also has to be done effectively with minimal delays in the process so as to retain their customers and improve on product and service deliver. All these activities at the company can be effectively done if inventory services are managed well. This is because its through inventory that one is able to tell how well the company is selling its products to the end user i.e. customer. References Carter C.R. and Easton P.L.(2011). Sustainable supply chain management: Evolution and future directions. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management 41(1):4662. DOI: 10.1108/09600031111101420 Charlesworth, A. (2009). Internet marketing: a practical approach. Slovenia: Butterworth- Heinemann. Coca-Cola Company. (2013). About Us. Retrieved from https://www.thsblazers.com/marenas/coke/history.htm May 17, 2017 Delmas M.A and Montiel I.(2009). Greening the Supply Chain: When Is Customer Pressure Effective? Journal of Economics Management Strategy 18(1): 171201. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00211.x Grnroos, C. (2007). Service management and marketing. Customer management in service competition. Chichester: Wiley. Homburg, C. and Ove J. (2007), The Thought Worlds of Marketing and Sales:Which Differences Make a Difference? Journal of Marketing, 71 (3), 124142. Krasnikov, A., Satish J. and Kumar, V. (2009), The Impact of Customer Relationship Management Implementation on Cost and Profit Efficiencies: Evidence from the U.S. Commercial Banking Industry, Journal of Marketing, 73 (6), 6176. Larson, P.D., Poist, R.F. and Halldosson, A . (2007), "Perspectives on logistics vs. supply chain management", Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 1-24 Lin, C. Ho, Y. (2008), "An Empirical Study on Logistics Service Providers Intention to Adopt Green Innovations", Journal of technology management innovation, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 17-26. Lusch, R., Vargo, S. and OBrien, M. (2007), Competing through service: insights from service dominant logic, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 5-18. Martinsen, U. Huge-Brodin, M. (2010), "Greening the offerings of logistics service providers", in: Stentoft Arlbjrn, J., (Ed.), The 22nd Annual NOFOMA Conference Logistics and Supply Chain Management in a Globalised Economy, pp. 969-984. Mentzer, J., Stank, T. and Esper, T. (2008), Supply chain management and its relationship to logistics, marketing, production and operations management, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 31-45. Mollenkopf, D.A., Russo, I. and Frankel, R. (2007b). The returns management process in suppl chain strategy. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management 37 (7), 568592. Schramm-K. and Morschett, P. (2006); The Relationship between Marketing Performance,Logistics Performance and Company Performance for Retail Companies. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. v.16, n. 2, p. 277, 2006. Sheth, J. N., Uslay, C. (2007). Implications of the revised definition of marketing: From exchange to value creation. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 26(2), 302307. Wagner, S.M. and Bode, C. (2008). An empirical examination of supply chain performance along several dimensions of risk. Journal of Business Logistics 29 (1), 307325

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Im Sexy and I know it by LMFAO free essay sample

I use to think that the only song with more male nudity then female was Right Said Freds too sexy, which this song kinda ripped off, but the abominations of music known as LMFAO couldnt let that be so they made this song that Im reviewing today. Visually this song wouldnt be so bad if it was showing something not completely disturbing like their uh wiggling private parts. I think I died a bit after seeing that, but moving on the music is also pretty bad because it repeats the same beat over, and over, and over into oblivion. I think if youve heard any of their other songs you should know that they write lyrics the same way that fire knits sweaters, theyre bad and barely important to the song like this only one I will tell you, I work out, really? That was their choice, to pick something that anyone with eyes could tell is a lie just by looking at their bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Im Sexy and I know it by LMFAO or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps a better title would have been, Im ugly and I show it. Last but probably most important is their incredible amount of smugness gets annoying, like the fact that you can outright tell they know that theyre not sexy or good, but they dont care theyre still richer then youll ever be. Oh well, in the end this probably wont change your opinion about it, but thanks for reading anyways.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Dental health in nsw Essays

Dental health in nsw Essays Dental health in nsw Essay Dental health in nsw Essay I have seen on Television two studies, which are so bosom felt brought more concerns to concentrate my attending on this job for my essay in my media research links below 2/1: A Current Affair 28/2/2010 Dental shame and 2/2: Channel Nine News 2/2/2009 Reported by Kevin Wilde NSW Dental Care in Crisis seeking to convey attending to the Government the hurting and agony from Children to the Elderly sometimes taking people to taking affairs into their ain custodies to taking their ain dentition, this is doing society to take stairss rearward at least a hundred old ages where you had to take your ain dentition when Dentist where panics. To Children unable to eat solid nutrient due to the intolerable hurting. With a Health, issue like this has brought so much Media attending it leaves you to inquire what the Health Minister is making. The Federal Government blames the State Government and they merely throw it back and forwards without looking for a solution. Then it was brought to my attending besides reported on 2GB talk back Radio by Ray Hadley link below 2/3: on The Rorting of Medicare Chronic Disease Dental Scheme by Doctors and Dentist. John Howard introduced this Scheme when LIB party was in control and is seeking to be modified by Kevin Rudd in Parliament today. Therefore, this would be a great strategy merely the Medical professionals are taking advantage of this strategy for fiscal additions. This has created an up boom in society as the Public need this strategy to assist them with their chronic Dental wellness jobs. This possibly abolished from the development from Medical Practitioners to the disbursal of impacting the lives of many people. Quoted from the Herald link below 2/4 on the 11/3/2010 However, the Medicare dental strategy, introduced by the old authorities, has been associated with allegations of rorting and Medicare is look intoing claims affecting about 50 tooth doctors who may hold undertaken and been paid for work non eligible for the Medicare payment . With that, the media is conveying accusal that the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd now seems improbable to run into another large election pledge. Yet another Scheme this one was introduced by Kevin Rudd, Quoted from 2/5: NSW Health Website 1/7/2008: The Commonwealth Government promised $ 490 Million over five old ages for the Medicare Teen Dental Plan from 1 July 2008, Medicare will supply $ 150 used through either a private tooth doctor, or through public unwritten wellness service. About 57 % of the NSW population is eligible for public unwritten wellness services. from kindergartners to teenage pupils. In theory, this could hold worked if Medical Practitioners did non mistreat the strategies besides, nevertheless with all this support traveling on still leaves so many inquiries that come to mind, like the School alveolar consonant services being closed down non brought to the populaces attending. This is doing a large impact on society and increased the waiting list at the Dental infirmaries and the Oral wellness issues grow. Research Information from NSW wellness on Prime concern on Oral Health Issues Eg: Oral Cancer: ( 1 ) Oral pit malignant neoplastic disease the malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the oral cavity, which includes the lingua, liner of the cheeks, gums and dentitions, upper or lower jaw, the difficult roof of the mouth and salivary secretory organs. ( 2 ) Oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease the malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the oropharynx, which includes the soft roof of the mouths, the base of the lingua, uvula, and tonsils. Around two-thirds of the unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are found in the oral cavity, while one-third are found in the throat. Oral Diseases: ( 1 ) Gingivitis is the mildest signifier of periodontic disease. It causes the gums to go ruddy, swollen, and bleed easy. There is normally small or no uncomfortableness at this phase. Gingivitis is frequently caused by unequal unwritten hygiene. ( 2 ) Periodontitis Untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. With clip, plaque can distribute and turn below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteriums in plaque irritate the gums. The toxins stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in which the organic structure in kernel bends on itself and the tissues and bone that support the dentitions are broken down and destroyed. Gums separate from the dentition, organizing pockets ( infinites between the dentitions and gums ) that become septic. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Often, this destructive procedure has really mild symptoms. Finally, dentitions can go loose and may hold to be removed. Mention links: 2/1: A Current Affair 28/2/2010 Dental shame hypertext transfer protocol: //video.ninemsn.com.au/video.aspx? vid=483daddf-20b4-4574-aca1-27bd14f2feb4 # : :483daddf-20b4-4574-aca1-27bd14f2feb4 2/2: Channel Nine News 2/2/2009 Reported by Kevin Wilde NSW Dental Care in Crisis hypertext transfer protocol: //video.ninemsn.com.au/video.aspx? vid=2eb72a94-223c-4397-bf3c-cfeb6269ae71 # : :2eb72a94-223c-4397-bf3c-cfeb6269ae71 2/3: 2GB Ray Hadley On Air 10/3/2010 Rorts of the Medicare Chronic Disease Dental Scheme: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.2gb.com/index2.php? option=com_newsmanager A ; task+view A ; id=+5846 2/4: SMH Newspaper reported by Mark Metherell Health Correspondent 11/3/2010: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smh.com.au/national/another-election-promise-broken-20100310-pzee.html 2/5 NSW Health: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/cohs/medicare_teen_dental_plan_pdf.asp Public Oral Health services: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.nsw.gov.au/cohs/health_services.asp My theory to a solution is to call off the strategies traveling now and present nomadic units to rural countries and to schools. With promotion from community wireless Stationss would cut back cost in promotion. With three or more nomadic coach units as they have for chest malignant neoplastic disease testing, they could hold nomadic Dentist. It could dwell with one alumnus and two undergraduate 2 twelvemonth in Dentistry. To transport out basic dental wellness cheques and mirror dental work. With a territory bead in every 6 months to 1 twelvemonth. For schools one time a twelvemonth trip to schools could dwell with parents being present or permission faux pass to make general look into on schoolchildren and give referrals if the kid needs it. For metropolitan doing Dental apart of Medicare so it has easy entree for everyone. A minor addition to the Medicare levy would cover cost. Clem Brooks ( 2002, pp. 192-193 ) quoted This perceptual experience of household can hold powerful influences, for illustration, in political relations and wellness. In footings of policy, divorce and individual parent households can interpret as the demand for public assistance, puting an added load on the public bag. Politicians, for illustration, runing on traditional household values can significantly act upon public perceptual experiences and authorities public assistance disbursement. The assignment in 2008 by the Australian Federal Health Minister of two members of conservative ancestral Christian groups to the function of work forces s wellness embassadors caused indignation in the community as both those opposed to the assignments and those back uping the assignments engaged in a war of words. After reading Complexity and alteration in modern-day society, Activity 8 subdivision 8.6 Quoted: Health can be affected through skin ailments such as eczema, or anorexia, binge-eating syndrome, anxiousness, and so on. These factors lead to farther antisocial behavior as self-worth lessenings. I besides see how household interruption ups could impact lower incomes, which could do a fiscal load of a individual parent for Dental intervention for themselves and their kids. Which would take to take downing self deserving and do depression to impact the mental wellness of non merely the parent besides the kids as good? With the turning Numberss on school, peer force per unit area effects what you wear and how you look. I do non believe person with crooked or icky dentitions would be the design of today s kid. So this would them do the kids to retreat from societal brushs with kids in their age group. The thought was to buoy up the overload on Dental Hospitals statistics show today from Westmead Dental Hospital waiting list are still 3 to 12 months depending on the urgency I rang Westmead Dental Hospital merely to corroborate on the 12/3/2010

Thursday, November 21, 2019

PEST and SWOT Analysis of Tesco Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PEST and SWOT Analysis of Tesco Plc - Case Study Example Recognizing that customer loyalty is not only cultivated through competitive pricing, Tesco also invests in training its employees and making them part of its success through the extension of high quality service together with their cheap products (Tesco-Counting on Customer Satisfaction n.d.). Looking at the value chain of Tesco, it can be seen that it is relatively more efficient in carrying out its outbound logistics, distribution, and customer service. Its efficiency in outbound logistics is justified by its mere scope and size. Tesco, as one of the world's largest retailer, is a very important customer to its supplier (Tesco Plc 2007). Thus, the company posses a high bargaining leverage, enabling it to get discounts which are not otherwise available to its smaller competitors. The company also enjoys economies of scale in distribution, advertising, administrative processes, and production. This enables Tesco to significantly reduce cost and generate high margins. As opposed to other players in the industry, Tesco's own brand is a source of large margins in its total revenue (Tesco Plc 2007). With this, it can be seen that the competitive advantage of Tesco is generated through its cost efficiency. The company uses its size and economies of scale throughout its value chain in order to significantly drive down its cost, allowing it to charge lower, if not the lowest price in the market (Tesco Plc 2007). However, the fact that the company does not just offer products at less than industry average prices but couples it with excellent service implies that it also takes effort in differentiating itself from its competitors. For Tesco, it is not just about the product but the shopping experience is also a key in cultivating customer patronage and loyalty. Through the value web analysis, it can be seen that the relationship of Tesco with its supplier and its customers are very much significant in the creation of a competitive advantage. Through the company's strategic alliance with its supplier, Tesco is able to bring down prices. On the other hand, the company's launching of the Loyalty Card allows it to know more about its customers for more specific target marketing. It becomes apparent that all these strategies are very much supportive of a cost advantage. Strategic advantage entails less procurement costs while target marketing becomes a key in cutting advertising costs (Tesco Plc 2007). 2. Macroenvironment PEST Analysis Political. In the political aspect, there has been a wide and rapid integration of economies into a global village through the creation of regional blocs and free trade zones like NAFTA and European Union. This change, which is largely brought about by the various policies put in place by the government authority facilitates the faster and easier influx of goods and services through the elimination of trade barriers and inflow of foreign direct investments through the increased capital mobility (Globalization: Threat or Opportunity 2007). Economic. The world has witnessed the rapid rise of traditionally developing economies like China, India, and Brazil. China, in particular has grown fastest among the different world economies in the last decade. This economic

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Social Service Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Service Work - Essay Example One type of work that is associated with the field of serving aged people is conducting educational programs for the elders. Such kind of programs helps the elderly people to be interested in motivating themselves and to be up to date with the current trends in the society. Most often, their education is overlooked by the society and no such programs are conducted. These workers help them by conducting programs of knowledge sharing and make them believe they have many more steps to walk in their life. One example program of educating the old people is teaching them about internet. Many of the older generations are unaware of the importance of internet in their day to day life. Teaching them about internet and its usage would help them to get their required information easily and help them spend their time leisurely. Another program that could be used as part of learning is educating the elders about the social networking sites. This would greatly help them to keep in touch with their closed ones and to interact more with the society, right from their home. There are several other opportunities similar to education programs like counseling, health care, law issues etc.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Education and Life Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education and Life - Personal Statement Example It is not only satirical, beautiful and esthetical, but also a testimony of the ancient patrimony (Efland, 2010). These reasons make me want to be involved in the discipline by enrolling for a course in History of Art. My attachment to arts started in the school years where I was able to obtain outstanding grades in history, literature and art subjects. The passion did not stop in class as it continued up to my social life when I attended several culture seminars and exhibitions. During these events, I also developed interest in photography. I admired the various mixtures of arts and information captured by legendary photographers like Cartier Bresson. Furthermore, understanding photography makes it even easier to understand artistic works from various regions of the world (Gardner & Kleiner, 2009). Outside the classroom, I have been lucky enough to be involved in exhibitions in my home town during the summer. I took part in researching and drafting the press books that were to be used in these particular exhibitions. It was a challenging and demanding duty that involved noting down the content of the exhibition and summarizing them for people to be able to easily read about what was taking place. I enjoyed taking part in this research since it gave me a chance to have a deeper insight into various art works that were in the exhibition. Apart from art, I enjoy listening to music. Blues, rock and jazz are my favorite. I try to attend concerts so that I am able experience the enthusiasm and the spectacle that make the shows a success. Moreover, I am a travel enthusiast .I enjoy this as it not only allows me to meet new people and encounter new cultures, but also exposes me to the art work in the areas I visit. It is through these trips that I come to understand how the local populations interpret and view their works and how their pieces of

Friday, November 15, 2019

Facial Prosthetic Adhesives Effect On Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers Biology Essay

Facial Prosthetic Adhesives Effect On Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers Biology Essay Maxillofacial prosthetic discipline plays an important part on patient treatment that has suffered facial disfigurement caused by accidental trauma, tumour, cancer, diseases and congenital malformation (Sanchez-Garcia et all 2010). The sucess of maxillofacial silicone elastomer depends on factors such as stability, support and retention (Dahl and Polyzois, 2000; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2010). The retention and its methodology is of primary importance and is based upon four categories (Dahl and Polyzois, 2000) : skin adhesives, mechanical ( Magnets, spetcles ) (Lemon et al., 1995 ; Goiato et all, 2009), anatomical ( undercuts) and implants (Dahl and Polyzois, .2000). Adhesive retention is communly used in U.K which was identified by Hatamlesh et al (2010) by use of questionnaires. Of the 220 working maxillofacial prosthetic technologists surveyed, has been found that in 1193 prosthetic contructed, adhesives communly retained 48% of orbital prosthetics and 45% of nasal prosthetics (Hatamlesh et al 2010). However its use was influenced by adhesive chemical constituition and the patient skin condition (Sanchez- Garcia,. et al, 2010). Nevertheless, by refering to patient satisfaction and quality of life (Goiato et al, 2009), adhesive retention of facial prosthetic has a negative impact, due to difficulties of removable which results in skin irritation (Dahl and Polyzois , 2000) or damage to the prosthetics, compared to implant retained prostesis (Goiato et al, 2009), which is costlly (Cheng el al ,2002), however, despite of costs, 70% auricular implant are commonly made ( Hatamlesh et al ,2010) to retain the prosthetics. 1.1 Definition of adhesive-adhesion An adhesive is an essence that holds materials together trough surface attachments (Holland and Turner, 1983). During surface interaction between an adhesive and subtracts is termed adhesion. When the two subtracts comes in contact by a third substance on its interface is termed adhesive joint (Hulland and Turner, 1983) (Figure 1.0) or bond, which is depend upon the wetting and the spread of the adhesives (Thomas, 2003). According to Wu (1982 cited in Nenakhov, 2008 p 20) adhesion is where two different materials comes in close contact interfacially, so that a load could be transferred between adherent and substrate to the adhesive joint. Flexible adherent Subtract Fig1.0 The adhesive Joint However, many issues are responsible for adhesion which is described by the skin factors and many underlying general theories. Facial prosthetics retention factors Skin is the largest organ of the human body and has many heterogeneous and anisotropic tissue layers. The three main tissue layers are: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis or adipose fat tissue. This tissues work in support to each other and differ in thickness by function of age and the area where is found (Pailler-Mattei et al, 2008; Pailler-Mattei, and Zahouani, 2006; Wood and Bladon,1985). The epidermis is found at the outer layer of the skin and subsequently subdivided by differentiated five sub layers, called stratified squamous epithelium (fig 1.1) which varies in thickness by 30 ums and 4 mm (Wood and Bladon, 1985). It contains blood vessels, diverse types of cells and keratin protein (Wood and Bladon, 1985). The outer sub layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) contains dead cells which is water resistant. The dermis is found beneath the epidermis and it is further divided into two parts (Wood and Bladon, 1985): Papillary region The outer area that contacts the epidermis, and is composed by loose areolar connective tissues; Reticular region- The deep area that contacts the hypodermis, and is composed by irregular connective tissues trough it, weaves collagen and elastic fibers. The dermis functions to reduce the pressure and tension of the body under exterior excitation (Pailler-Mattei, and Zahouani, 2006). The hypodermis is found below the dermis and is consisted by loose connective tissue and elastin fibers. Its main function is to attach the upper layers to muscles and bones and to supply blood vessels and nerves (Wood and Bladon, 1985). Generally different components can be found in the surface of the skin: fingernails, toenails, hair follicle, sweet glands and sebaceous glands. Skin is consisted by: water, protein, lipids, and different minerals and chemicals. It has a variety of functions, (Wood and Bladon, 1985) such as: It protects from bacterial invasion by keeping our insides (muscles bones ligament and internal organs) intact ; Evaporation control provides a semi permeability barrier to fluid loss; Storage for lipids and water ; Absorption- Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts; Isolation by regulating the temperature and sensation. Fig 1.1 schematic illustration of skin (Ivyrose ,2003) Hair Pore Epidermis Stratified squamous epithelium Stratum corneum Stratum lucidium Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basal Stratum corneum Stratum lucidium Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basal Stratum corneum Stratum lucidium Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basal Dermis Hair follicle Sebaceous gland Blood capillaries Sweat glands Nerve endings Sensory receptors Hypodermis Artery and vein Capillaries Adipose tissue Therefore for adhesion process to proceed, it is important to have an account of skin factors such as, hair follicles, (Kiat- Annuay et al 2008) perspiration, skin lipids and the sebum, which are the main culprits for the difficulties that the adhesive may encounter when in contact with the epidermis of the skin (Wood and Bladon, 1985). Also these factors may vary between the different ethical groups (Kiat- Annuay et al 2008). However, In order to understand the adhesive behavior on health applications, human skin is modeled as viscoelastic material (Pailler-Mattei, and Zahouani, 2006; Renvoisea et al, 2009). Still for accepting it as an elastic, mechanical tests has been performed, and the results showed that its young modulus varies between, 0.42Mpa -0.85 Mpa for torsion, 4.6 Mpa 20 Mpa for tensile, 0.05 Mpa -0.015Mpa for suction and between 0.0045 Mpa -0.008Mpa for indentation (Pailler Mattei, and Zahouani, 2006). Therefore it can be thought that the skin is highly deformable up to a limit. Skin deformation should be minimized when testing adhesives. Theories of adhesion The theories of adhesion have been classified into three categories ( Hulland and Turner, 1983): Mechanical bonding The theory is based on the factor that all the surfaces to be bonded are rough at microscopic level.  Ã‚  The low viscosity adhesive will flow and penetrates into the cracks, crevices or pores of the rough subtract surfaces. As the adhesives hardens it keys into those surfaces and a strong bond results. However, the bond joint strength between the adherent and substrate is limited, both by the adhesive strength and the roughness of the surface (Hulland and Turner, 1983). Chemical bonding the theory is based on the formation of primary chemical bonds between the adhesive and the surface of the substance which invokes the formation of covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds also secondary bonds may influence by van der walls forces in the interface (Hulland and Turner, 1983) Physical bonding Adhesive bond formation may be attributed trough the energy on the interface between adhesive and the substance which in turn is determined by physical process during contact : Electrostatic -is based on difference in electro negativity between the two subtracts when in contact. Adhesive strength is given by: the transfer of electrons across the interface resulting in a negative and a positive charge, creating double layers thus attracting one another (Hulland and Turner, 1983). Diffusion -is based on adhesion that is formed trough diffusion of molecules in the adhesive and adherent. However the theory is only applicable when both the adhesive and adherent are soluble and having similar long-chain molecules that are capable of kinetics (Hulland and Turner, 1983). Absorption is based on adhesion which results from molecular contact between an adhesive and the adherent known as wetting. The wetting is considered in terms of free surface energy and is determined by measuring the surface contact angles (fig1.2). Thus, high surface energy a near Zero angle of contact may occur, so the liquid wets efficiently over the subtract surface. However, at low surface energy a higher contact angle may be produced which results in inefficiently surface coverage by the liquid (Hulland and Turner, 1983). Fig 1.2 The effects of surface energy of a subtract on contact angles of a liquid droplet (Hulland and Turner, 1983, p 403). High surface energy so lower liquid contact angle indicated by the arrow Low surface energy so higher liquid contact angle indicated by the arrow (Hulland and Turner, 1983 , p 403). Surface wet ability of a prosthetic material The prosthetic material that contacts the skin must have a good wettability (high surface energy- hydrophilic) for efficient adhesion, however according to Water et all (1999) when comparing silicone elastomers used in maxillofacial with that of an acrylic denture base resin, statistically found that the silicone elastomers has a lower surface energy, thus resulting on surface that is poor wetted (low surface energy- hydrophobic). Nevertheless, no significance statistically difference has found between the silicones elastomers, but only demonstrating a quantitative difference contact angle mean raging between 79.31 to 83.18 degrees and the surface energy raging between 25.11 and 28.45. In addition to that, the researchers concluded, the low wettability found may cause friction and micro trauma to the supporting tissues, as the wettability did not achieve the lubrification needed (Water et all,1999). However, the surface of the silicone elastomer may be modified to improve wetting wit hout affecting the material bulk and mechanical properties as Aziz et all (2003) demonstrated. The experimenters concluded, that if the silicone elastomer was treated with argon plasma and followed by chemosoption of ethyneopoxy functional silanes it proved an effective way to improve wetability demonstrated by the reduction of contact angle (Aziz et all, 2003). Requirements of medical adhesives Adhesives that are used in the facial prosthesis are pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) which needs a slight pressure to adhere at room temperature and it possess two essential requirements which are: That they should stick firmly to a difficult subtract (skin) (Chivers, 2001; Webster 1998), which varies in dryness and wetness. That they should be easily removed from subtract without causing any damage by stripping the skin, or leaving adhesive residue (Chivers, 2001; Webster, 1998) during de-bonding process. With this two requirements in mind, PSA is proposed to show an adhesive failure when the skin is a subtract, however to verify this requirements a peel test at different angles, usually at 900 or 1800 degrees, is employed which is one of the standards used to evaluate the strength of adhesive bonds, therefore the higher the test value (energy per unit area), the stronger the bond. Assessing Pressure sensitive adhesives 1.6.1Pressure sensitive adhesive factors During assessing the mechanical properties according to Chivers (2001) the requirements in 1.5 are constantly in conflict, so to resolve it, he approaches trough using chemical means and physical procedures during peeling of PSA that is used for dressing of wounds. The chemical means consist of an adhesive that contains a mix of a hydrophilic base polymer (alkyl vinyl ether) with a water soluble tackifying agent (ethoxylated alkyl phenol part of polyethelne glycol) in 1:1 or 1:2 ratios which gives on a dry state its tackiness (Chivers, 2001). However by wetting with water the peel strength has seen to be reduced by 90%. Also he explains if an additive of a crystallisable polymer side chain is incorporated into the making of a PSA adhesive the effect of strength may be reduced by increasing the temperature so melting the additive above its use temperature. Though, Mcguiggan and et all (2008) demonstrated that the peel strength of the PSA decreases with increasing temperature consecutively the peeling rate is decreased at peeling angles of 900 and 1800 degrees. Also PSA may be activated by visible light or to a low ultraviolet light on a switch of mechanism to lower peeling strength, so that it does not traumatize the skin (Webster, 1999). By act ivating by this mechanism cross-linking process occurs with the free radical exposure of the side groups, thus the adhesive polymer will produce a bond of the prosthetic material to the skin (Chivers, 2001). The physical procedures that Chivers (2001) mentioned showed that, if the angle of peel of polyester backed PSA on a stainless steel subtract is increased up to 1350 degrees, the peeling force will automatically decrease. 1.6.2 Comparison of adhesives bonds on different subtracts A number of studies were published to compare adhesives bond strength on facial prosthetics elastomer to the skin (Wolfaardt et all, 2005; Kiat-Annuay et all 2004; Polyzois, et all 1993 ) , and one of the studies was to compare four types of adhesives (Dow Corning 355 medical adhesive, PSA 1, Daro and 9874 3 M) with five room temperature vulcanized silicone facial elastomers (Silskin II, MDX4- 4210, Cosmesil, Cosmesil HC2 and RS 330 T-room temperature Vulcanized (Polyzois, et all 1993). Polyzois , et all (1993) prepared the elastomers strips specimens of 50x 50 x 3 mm dimension on stone moulds. These specimens were tested on the inner aspect of the right forearms of one subject. And before each test, the attachments sites were cleaned with ethyl alcohol. A total of 160 peelings were carried out on the universal testing peeling machine that was previously calibrated to a 4 N load and the rate of 1mm/ minute of peeling. With this experiment the researchers concluded, that the tensile b ond strength is depended upon both the elastomers and the skin adhesives and the results showed that the Down corning 355 adhesive had the highest bond and the 9874 3M the lowest (Polyzois, et all 1993). The MDX 4 4210 silicone elastomer had the strongest bond and the RS 330T-RTV had the weakest in all adhesives (Polyzois, et all 1993). The material used for adhesives are based on silicones and resin formulation. Benedek (2000) explained that the resin adhesives exhibited from low to higher adhesion to skin and silicones from low to moderate skin adhesion. However, the adhesives used may have caused damage to the skin but according to Kiat -Annuay, et all (2000) if a skin protective dressing is used then trauma will be reduced. Nevertheless, the researchers experimented the protective dressing and a remover manufactured by Smith and Nephew on two adhesives, (Daro epithane 3 (E-3) water based and factor II secure medical adhesive (SMA) silicone based with the backing of MDX 4 4210 silicone elastomer. They applied to 20 subjects on the volar surface of the arms, and at 900 degrees of peeling observed the adhesives on its own, without the dressing and found that SMA was 4 times more retentive (adhesion mean = 96.3 Nm) than E-3 (adhesion mean = 24.1 Nm), however with the prep, E-3 increased by 27% in contrast SMA increased only 15%. Also it was observed a residual adhesive on prosthetics (skin interface) and the skin (prosthetic interface) (Kiat -Annuay, et all 2000). However the remover did not affected the bonding but helped only cleanin g the skin. Though, Kiat Annuay, et all (2001) indicated if a second application of adhesive was applied over the existing paste within a time period between 0 and 4 hours to secure the prosthetic, then at 4 hours interval the peeling bonds strength increased for SMA. Although it was observed the bond strength of silicone elastomer to the skin was decreased over an 8 hours interval. Anyways, when investigating a single and multi adhesive layering at 900 degrees of peeling, on 30 subjects has found the combination of SMA/ E3 had significant higher adhesion to the skin followed by SMA alone, E3/SMA and E3 alone (Kiat Annuay el all 2004). The investigators agreed that if a sandwich of adhesives was used then the margins of the prosthetic will not be visible (Kiat Annuay et all 2004) therefore improving esthetics (Karayazgan B et all 2003). However when peeling the device out, the margins may tear, so by incorporating of tulle it would improve its strength (Karayazgan B et all 2003). According Kiat-Annuay, et all (2008), when evaluating the strength of SMA and E-3 adhesive on silicone MDX 4 4210 with urethane liner and the chlorinated polyethylene elastomer, backed with skin prep, found that there were no significant interaction differences between silicones, however they observed that the adhesive failure occurred at the interface. Nevertheless of the 26 subjects tested it was found significant statistically difference in bond strength for gender, amount of hair in volar surface of testing subjects and ethnicity. However, age of the volunteers did not affect the bond strength of the adhesives. Volunteers with no Hair had a higher bond strength compared with subjects with arm hair. In addition, the mean adhesive bond strength of strips applied to the African -american subjects (n=8) was statistically greater than of the Hispanic, white and Asian volunteers (Kiat- Annuay et all 2008). Thought by reviewing the literatures, peeling experiments still is carried out on Humans volunteers which conflicts with the ethical issues, and on stainless steel which gives false adhesion values, as it does not relate to skin. So for this reason Nussinovitch, A. et all., (2008) and Renvoise, et all (2009) produced artificial skins to test adhesion of adhesives, anyways adhesives should be chemical clear before testing on humans. 1.6.2.1 The rational of Biocompatibility Therefore biocompatibility is of prime importance (Dahl and Polyzois, 2000). For the clinical clearance of adhesives, patch tests have been developed to scrutinize, the constituents of the adhesives such as solvents and takifying agents, which may irritate the skin (Dahl and Polyzois, 2000). According Dhal and Polyzois (2000) they suggested a new in-vitro test by use of hens egg test chororioallatoic membrane method. The researchers concluded that the organic solvent ethyl acetate contained into the adhesive gives severe irritation reaction. For this reason, a new PSA adhesive was formulated by Sanchez -Garcia, et all (2010), and it was based on acrylic monomers. They found that the formulation B3, synthesized by water based emulsion, presents a good alternative for patients that have suffered severe facial damage. 1.6.3 Adhesive failure Most of adhesive boding joint failures can be placed into 4 groups (Messler, 2004) they are: Substrate Failure:  Substrate fails before the adhesive and this depends on the adhesive strength Cohesive Failure:  Adhesive fails down in the middle, adhesive remains on both substrates. Interfacial Failure:  Adhesive fails from one of substrate.   Mixed failure : characterized by interfacial and cohesive failure Fig 1.3 Subtract failure Fig 1.4 Cohesive failure Fig 1.5 interfacial failure Fig 1.6 Mixed failures Figures 1.3 ,1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 (Messler, 2004) 1.7 Research objectives The objective of this study was to measure the force needed to remove strips of room vulcanized silicone elastomer from a rigid material such as stainless steel, treated with acetone. Four different skin adhesives were measured on a universal testing machine (Hounsfield H50KS Universal Testing Machine) at 1800 peel (Figure 1.7) according to ISO 8510-2-2010 standard. Figure 1.7 Schematic diagram 1800 peeling (ISO 8510-2-2010) Material and Methods Twenty silicone abacus strips 250 x 25.0 x 2mm were processed from a mix of 50% stone/gypsum moulds. The surfaces of the moulds were treated with an alginate separator before pouring a mix of 100 grams of silicone abacus and 10 grams of the activator, as of manufactures instructions. See table 2.1, for the materials used in this study. The elastomers strips were allowed to cure at a room temperature for 24 hours before testing. For the rigid material five stainless steel sheets 250 x 25.0 x 1.6mm were cut. The surface attachment of the stainless steel was cleaned with the acetone and allowing to dry before each test. The Hounsfield H50KS Universal Testing Machine was calibrated with a load cell of 8N at a crosshead speed of 100mm/min (Fig 2.2). Four types of adhesives were studied. The spray (Down corning B, Hollister 7730) and the liquid adhesives (Pros- aide and PSA 1b) were applied to 120 mm area in length, in a thin layer of each of the twenty silicone elastomers, and allowed to dry according to each specific adhesive manufacturing instruction (Down corning B- 1 minute; Hollister 7730- 5 minutes; pros aide -3 minutes; principality- 3minutes). The elastomer specimen was attached to the stainless steel and a thumb pressure to the silicone was applied for 30 seconds. The unattached silicone elastomer was placed into the grip of the universal testing machine and the peeling at 1800 was carried out. A total of twenty (five of each adhesive type) peeling was made. The point of adhesive failure (cohesive, mixed or interfacial failures) was noted. The average maximum, minimum, normal average force and the energy of peeling were recorded as a function to the distance peeled. SPSS Statistical package software version 17.01 was performed to analyze the data through a combination of a paired T test of adhesives and the maximum force of peeling data was used to conduct it. Table 2.1 some of the material used in this study and its drying time Type Material Drying time Manufacturer Silicone facial elastomeric + activator Abacus 24 hours room temperature Abacus Silicon Technology Pte Ltd Skin adhesives Dow Corning medical adhesive B 1 minutes Down corning corporation, midland, USA Hollister 7730 medical adhesive 3 minutes Hollister limited, aurora Ontario Pros -aide Adhesive 3 minutes Pros-Aide ®, a division of ADM Tronics Unlimited, Inc. Northvale, New Jersey 07647 USA PSA 1b Adhesive 3 minutes Principality Fx Newport U.k Results The maximum, minimum, mean, standard error and standard deviation of the maximum bond strength in Newton per millimeter (N/mm), measured by four adhesives (Dow Corning, Hollister, Pro aide and PSA1b) backed with silicone elastomer strips, at 1800 degrees peel on a stainless steel subtract, is shown on table 3.1. Five peelings (N=5) of each adhesive was performed and a total 20 pulling was made. The mean value varied from 4.12 N/mm to 10 N/mm and the standard deviation ranged from 1.62 N/mm to 4.40 N/mm. The bar chart /error bar on figure 3.2 shows graphically, that PSA 1 b had highest maximum bond strength comparatively to Dow Corning, Hollister and Pro aide adhesives, thus Dow Corning and Hollister adhesives had lower bond strength of peeling and the pro aide an intermediate. Acetone use to remove the adhesive did not influence the bonding, however De- bonding of adhesives was at stainless steel level as the residues was left on the prosthetic strips, however one specimen of Down co rning adhesive had de-bonded on the prostheses strips so the majority of residues was left on the metal substructure (table 3.2 ) (Fig 3.1) Fig 3.1 Dow Corning adhesive had mixed failure cohesive and interfacial (residue left on prosthesis and on the metal) Fig 3.2 Maximum adhesive bond strength mean and the standard error of the means Dow Cor Maximum adhesive bond strength to the stainless steel Table 3.1 The maximum bond descriptive statistics Descriptive Statistics N Minimum ( N/mm) Maximum ( N/mm) Mean ( N/mm) Std. Deviation ( N/mm) Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic P/M Dow Corning B 5 2.50 6.62 4.12 .72567 1.62 4/1 Hollister 7730 5 2.48 5.72 3.91 .53729 1.20 5/0 Pros Aide 5 3.10 8.45 5.22 .96437 2.16 5/0 PSA 1B 5 5.11 14.95 10.00 1.96904 4.40 5/0 Valid N (leastwise) 5 Key: P/M residue left on the prosthetic P or in the stainless steel M A paired t test from SPSS Statistical analytical software tool, table 3.2 revealed that there was a statistical difference between the pairs : Dow Corning and PSA 1b; Hollister and PSA 1b as the Sig(2tailed) value = pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05 at 95 % of chance. Adding on, no statistical difference was found between: Dow Corning and Hollister; Dow Corning and Pro aide; Hollister and Pro Aide; Pro aide and PSA 1b as the sig (2 tailed) value = P >0.05 at 95 % chance. Table 3.2 SPSS statistical analysis of Paired t test between adhesives groups Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper A B .21040 2.29084 1.02450 -2.63406 3.05486 .205 4 .847 A C -1.10380 1.97320 .88244 -3.55386 1.34626 -1.251 4 .279 A -D -5.87980 4.73267 2.11651 -11.75619 -.00341 -2.778 4 .050 B C -1.31420 3.11820 1.39450 -5.18595 2.55755 -.942 4 .399 B D -6.09020 4.10128 1.83415 -11.18261 -.99779 -3.320 4 .029 C D -4.77600 5.84121 2.61227 -12.02881 2.47681 -1.828 4 .142 Key : A Dow Corning B B Hollister 7730 C Pros Aide D- PSA 1b Discussion The approach of retention methodologies of facial prosthesis from pressure sensitive adhesives are important, so its development and research, to make a more compatible, toxic free and less irritable to employ it on skin contacts. Testing machines has been used to experiment adhesives for its tackiness such peel tests at certain degrees but its use remains controversy as it tests on volar surfaces of the arms or other type of substrates such stainless steel which gives misleading information. However, according Wolfaardt et all (1992) used a custom made machine to perform in vivo testing of tree facial prosthetic adhesives (PSA1, Pro- Aide, Dow Corning 355) on Cosmesil silicone elastomer. He tested the adhesives on one of the cheeks region of two subjects and obtained the data by repeating the experiment. A load of 900gm was applied for 20 seconds. Stretching, twisting and its combination tests were carried out. The data was analyzed trough the student Newman keuls statistical method and found that Down corning 355 had the strongest bond during stretching and twisting, however PSA 1 during stretching was the weakest nevertheless PSA1 and Pro Aide adhesive was found no statistical difference during twisting test methodology. Adding on, Polyzois and et all (1993) also found that Down corning 355 had a stronger bond strength during peeling at the volar surface of the arm during tension by use of ANOVA and Duncan statistical test methodology. Its results however varied between the types of silicone elastomer used. Nevertheless, Wolfaardt et all (1992) and Polyzois and et all (1993) experiments showed that Down Corning adhesives had higher bond strength but the methodology used was different from the present study, so a detailed comparison would be invalid or difficult. Adding to, the two researchers did not disclosed what angles that the peeling was performed and also the experiments was conducted in vivo. Despite of these facts, according to Benedek (2000), resin adhesives such as the PSA1 b and the Pro Aide water based formulation would exhibit a lower to higher adhesion and silicone from lower to moderate skin adhesion and this are all depended upon to its curing time and the number of applications. Indeed, according to Sanchez Garcia, et all (2010) water based acrylic adhesives is the most effective for the patients with severe facial damage, thus this adhesive can stand a variety of loads consequently suitable for its use in maxillofacial prosthesis. The research results in figure 3.2 and table 3.1 from peeling at 1800 degrees on a stainless steel subtract indicated that the PSA1 B had a maximum retention (mean =10.00 N.mm), approximately 2.5 times more retentive than Down Corning (mean 4.12 N.mm) and Hollister (Mean 3.91 N.mm). Pro aid showed approximately 2 x lower retention (mean=5.22N.mm) than the PSA1B. Pro Aide had an intermediate retention between the adhesive tested. Nevertheless to illustrate the most retentive adhesive a Paired T test ( table 3.2 ) indicated that the statistically paired combination of adhesives : Down corning (A) and Hollister (B) t(4)= 0.205, p=0.847Down Corning (A) Pro aide (C) t(4)=1.251, p=0.279; Hollister (B) Pro Aide (C) t(4)=0.942, p=0.399 ;Pro Aide (C) PSA 1B (D) t(4)=1.828, p= 0.142 has found no significant difference as p values were > than 0.05 at 95% chance difference. However, statistically paired combination of adhesives: Down corning (A) PSA 1 B (D) t (4)=2.778, p=0.050; Hollister (B) PSA 1 B (D) t(4)=3.320, p=0.029 has revealed statistically significant as P values is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ than 0.05 at 95 % of chance difference. Also the use of acetone did not influence in the bonding. Furthermore, only one specimen Silicone/Dow Corning had a mixed failure (cohesive and interfacial) as some residue left on metal and the prosthetics. The rest of adhesives failed at metal interface (residue left on prosthesis). Thought the results was expected PSA 1 B and Pro Aide are based in water and resin emulsion therefore it gave a higher adhesion to the skin compared to Dow Corning and Hollister which are based in silicones (Benedek, 2000). However the higher peeling was depended upon the curing time (monomer cross linking)

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

At first the whole class went into the drama studio and sat down. :: Drama

At first the whole class went into the drama studio and sat down. Inside the room there was a projector and a video camera filming the exam. Task One All things in bold and underlined are the explorative strategies we used during the exam. At first the whole class went into the drama studio and sat down. Inside the room there was a projector and a video camera filming the exam. I was told to relax and then told to stand up and act like a character that depsised everyone else around myself. We all did this at the same time, whilst walking around the drama studio. At one point we were told to act scared of everyone around ourselves I noticed that not many people varied their pace as they changed their roles. We were then told to play a range of other characters. I did not realise how others were performing as I was concentrating on my own performance. All of this was mimed. We were then told to look at the picture on the projector. The whole class got into pairs and discussed the picture on the screen. It was a picture produced by an artist named George Grosz. His style is stated as "Caricature" the picture we were shown was in this style. In pairs we discussed what we thought was happening in this picture. I was working with Victoria and we decided that the men at the front were obviously separated from the other characters in the picture, by having huge charateristics (e.g Nose and body shape). The poor were slightly crouched to give the effect they were lower than the 3 men at the front of the picture. Which was non-naturlistic. We then were told to re-create the picture by ourselves in the studio. Half of the group used physical theatre to create the buildings in the background of the picture. The other half of the group had to act as the people that were in the picture. The students that were acting as people used body language to create different standards of living of the characters. The picture had 3 different types of people. They were rich, poor, or soldiers. Men played all the rich people which I found slightly sexist. However, they used body language to create an essence of how important and rich they were. They tried to look tough and heavy by crouching their shoulders up and keeping their hands away from their faces, which shows that they are not unhealthy (no coughing from illness) Their faces showed a bossy and un-sympathetic attitude towards the old people.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Priciples of Software Engineering Essay

Describe each law in your own words. Illustrate with a practical example ? Glass’ law â€Å"Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures Coming to my explanation Glass law states that if the basic requirements of the projects is not constructed properly that may leads failure of the project. To achieve goals in the project it plays an vital role and any drawbacks may leads project unsuccessful. Around 20% of all IT project failures were caused by incomplete or badly managed requirements. Example: Technological University-Online Practical Tests In the case of technological university the requirements specifications for the online practical exams had been implemented without consulting students and university staff. This system was designed in such a way that students affliated to that university are write the test test online at the same day and same time. Considering the requirements of the colleges were different an the project objectives were different. This leads to failure of the that project. Boehm’s first law â€Å"Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed†. Coming to my explanation Boehm’s law states that the basic designing of the projects mat leads to errors and miscalculations. The sooner you find a problem, the cheaper it is to fix , otherwise to detect the errors in the project is very expensive or complicated . This law is applicable from midrange systems. Example: City Council – Pay Roll System A city council developed a replacement payroll system believed that users had comprehensive knowledge of all the business requirements. But the current staff or IT team had participated in building the old system – they had no knowledge of how it was built. That leads to many errors and it cause project failure. Boehm’s second law â€Å"Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces†. Coming to my explanation Boehm’s second law states that by prototype modelling the disigning of the project and errors can be reduced. To design the system the staff will be educated . So that that will increase the usability of the system among users. Example: In a postgraduation course prototype modelling experiments were conducted . Some of them were used requirement driven approach and others are prototyping approach. This will leads to satisfaction for the client compare to all other methods. Davis’ law â€Å"The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes†. Coming to my explanation Davi’s law states that to describe systems requirements, it is very useful. This model is useful to solve the complicated tasks that other models find that difficult to solve. Example:In a system to solve the problems different methods were implemented. Each task follows their methodolgies to solve the problems. At the end all the methods got different results but there methodologies is useful to solve the problem. Your first task is to describe each software development methodology clearly and completely in your own words. You may use diagrams, examples or UML to help you do this. Waterfall Model : The waterfall model is a sequential software development process, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards through the phases of conception, design, analysis, initiation ,testing and maintenance. This model is used in manufacturing industries and construction industries . It is ; highly structured physical environments in which after-the-fact changes are prohibitively costly, if not impossible. Since no formal software development methodologies existed at the time, this hardware-oriented model was simply adapted for software development. For example, one first completes requirements specification, which after sign-off are considered â€Å"set in stone. † When the requirements are fully completed, one proceeds to design. Spiral Model: The spiral model is a software development process combining elements of both design and prototyping-in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client reviewing the progress . Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The spiral model might mean that you have a rough-cut of user elements as an operable application, add features in phases, and, at some point, add the final graphics. The Spiral model is used most often in large projects and needs constant review to stay on target. It can get their hands in and start working on a project earlier. Q3) Using the first four laws of the text, show where these are either implemented or missing in each software development methodology (Total Two). If a law is missing, explain the consequences and suggest how the process might be improved. Water Fall Model Glass’ law Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures. The end users gathered by requirements in waterfall model. It states that the basic requirements of the projects is not constructed properly that may leads failure of the project. The failures were caused by incomplete or badly managed requirements. Boehm’s first law â€Å"Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed†. It basic designing of the projects mat leads to errors and miscalculations. In waterfall model this law cannot be able to correct the errors. This law is not reliable for waterfall model. Boehm’s second law Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces†. This law cannot be able to correct the errors in waterfall model. The design phase would be reduced by prototype modelling. Davis’ law â€Å"The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes†. The purpose of this model is not suitable for this law. Spiral Model Glass’ law â€Å"Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures In waterfall model risk analysis is conducted on the prototype. By this if they need any requirement it will included in next stage. Boehm’s first law â€Å"Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed†. In spiral model each phase starts with a design goal and ends with the client reviewing the progress . The risks were eliminated after number of stages. Boehm’s second law â€Å"Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces†. In spiral model it will design the prototype. and construct and design the prototype. The analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project.