Eve of the civil war Essay -- essays research papers

On the eve of the Civil War, the fall in States was a nation divided into quadruplet quite distinct regions the conjugationeast, with a growing industrial and commercial economy and an increasing density of population the Northwest, promptly known as the Midwest, a cursorily expanding region of chuck up the sponge farmers where slavery had been forever prohibited under the Northwest Ordinance the Upper South, with a settled plantation system and (in some areas) declining economic fortunes and the Southwest, a booming frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy. With two fundamentally different labor systems at their base, the economic and kind changes across the nations geographical regions based on wage labor in the North and on slavery in the South underlay distinct visions of ordination that had emerged by the mid-nineteenth century in the North and in the South.Before the Civil War, the Constitution provided a basis for peaceful debate over the future of gov ernment, and had been competent to regulate conflicts of interest and conflicting visions for the new, cursorily expanding nation. For many years, compromises had been made to ease the number of "free takes" and "slave states" so that there would be a balance in the Senate. The last slave state admitted was Texas in 1845, with five free states admitted between 1846 and 1859. The admission of Kansas as a slave state had recently been blocked, and it was receivable to enter as a free state instead in 1861. The rise of mass d... Eve of the civil war Essay -- essays research papers On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a nation divided into four quite distinct regions the Northeast, with a growing industrial and commercial economy and an increasing density of population the Northwest, now known as the Midwest, a rapidly expanding region of free farmers where slavery had been forever prohibited under the Northwest Ordinance the Upper South , with a settled plantation system and (in some areas) declining economic fortunes and the Southwest, a booming frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy. With two fundamentally different labor systems at their base, the economic and social changes across the nations geographical regions based on wage labor in the North and on slavery in the South underlay distinct visions of society that had emerged by the mid-nineteenth century in the North and in the South.Before the Civil War, the Constitution provided a basis for peaceful debate over the future of government, and had been able to regulate conflicts of interest and conflicting visions for the new, rapidly expanding nation. For many years, compromises had been made to balance the number of "free states" and "slave states" so that there would be a balance in the Senate. The last slave state admitted was Texas in 1845, with five free states admitted between 1846 and 1859. The admission of Kansas as a s lave state had recently been blocked, and it was due to enter as a free state instead in 1861. The rise of mass d...

Comparison John Updikes AP and Timothy OBreins How to Tell a True War S

Comparison John Updikes AP and Timothy OBreins How to Tell a True War Story Although the pathetic stories, A&P, by John Updike, and How to Tell a True War Story, by Timothy OBrien, are both written in the proficiency of offset printing person narrative, the two stories are conveyed to the reader in very different styles. John Updike, who was 29 at the time when he wrote A & P, narrates his spirit level from the point of view of a 19 year old boy. The narration of the theme of A & P illustrates the scene of the grocery store in which the puerile boy, Sammy, is a cashier who witnesses everything that goes on during the day. The store is a theater, having numerous skits taking place throughout the day with no script. Sammy is in the audience where he came nevertheless observe the acts to catch up his own story and narrate the scene to others. Every important detail is observed through Sammys eyes and is expressed in the narration of his story of the A & P grocery stor e.Sammy sets the scene of a sunny, summer beach day in which three young girls garbed in nothing but bathing suits enter the store to buy some snacks for their day in the sand. Sammy is deeply intrigued by the girls and watches every move they make while ringing in other customers at the store. The girls parade through the isles as if they are putting on a show, just for Sammy. This is Sammys first live girlie show and he doesnt want to miss one single detail. Sammy expresses his excitement and fondness of one particular girl as he conveys the dilate of the one sceneShe has on a kind of dirty-pink -- beige maybe, I dont know -- bathing suit with a little nubble all over it and, what got me, the straps were down. They were a little off her shoulders... ... voices in the story, one for the part utter the actual war story to the other soldier, and one telling the whole story to the reader war story and its reasons.The paragraph following the descriptive tale of his two buddies foo ling around with the smoke grenades suggests this theory. In any war story, but especially a true one, its difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. What seems to happen becomes its own happening and has to be told that way...The story as a whole was written to share with the soldiers who were there with the added tips guidelines to help them tell their own true war stories, and have them be remembered, as tumefy as believed. The graphical depiction of the story is for the fortunate who were not present at the time of the war, who should always be reminded through out time how majestic and unnecessary war is.

journeyhod Journey into Hell in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Ess

The Journey into Hell in Heart of Darkness In Joseph Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness the environs is often symbolic as well as literal. The novel contains both the frame narrator, an anonymous member of the Nellie, representing the dominant society, and more importantly the primary narrator, Marlow, who too, is a product of the dominant society. For the novels narrator, Marlow, the journey up the Congo River to the heart of immorality is reminiscent of Guidos journey into hell in Dantes Inferno, with these literary allusion always present, through forms of intense imagery. The landscape takes on a hellish nature and the wilderness is personified. Death is omnipresent and this is reflected in the death imagery used to describe the cities of Brussels and London, the Congo region and Kurtz station. The fraud of society and civilization is reflected in the authors description of the sepulchral city. The novel begins with the narrator, Marlow, and some of the ships crew waiting at dusk for the tide to change so that their cruising yawl the Nellie may enter the London harbour. The frame narrator expresses quite optimistic views on colonialism especially pertaining to London, which is described as the greatest city on earth, yet these opinions argon then challenged by both marlow and the use of imagery. The coastline is described as being shrouded in diaphanous folds of fog... ...cityscape provide a physical setting which serves to reflect the mental state of the narrator, Marlow and the evils of life, as well as forgrounding the journey of the narrator - mentally, emotionally, and intellectually. The environment particularly that of the Congo and of Brussels, reflect death, hypocrisy and even humans profound heart of darkness. Bibliography Conrad, J. (1995). Heart of Darkness. London Penguin Group. Maes-Jelinek, H. Notes on Heart of Darkness Jean-Aubry, George. Joseph Conrad Life and Letters. Vol. 1. New York Page, 1966. Ed. Marvin. Conrad Collection of Critical Essays. Mudrick. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1972.

Pride and Prejudice Essay: First Impressions -- Pride Prejudice Essays

First Impressions in compliment and Prejudice First impressions atomic number 18 very of import in Jane Austins Pride and Prejudice. As the story develops, we discover how the prejudices and offshoot impressions of each of the main characters change. The primary focus is on the character of Elizabeth Bennet. Elizabeths judgments about other characters dispositions are accurate about half of the time. While she is correct about Mr. Collins and how absurdly self-serving he is and about Lady Catherine de Bourgh and how proud and snobbish she is, her first impressions of Wickham and Darcy steer her incorrectly. Wickham is first thought to be a gentleman by all. His good looks and his easy manner fool almost everyone, and Elizabeth believes without question all that he tells her of Darcy. Elizabeths first impressions of him are contradicted when she realizes that he has lied about Darcy. Elizabeth and many of the other characters se... ... her married daughters with pride, and E lizabeth is said to be proud of Darcy because of what he had done for Lydia. First impressions bottom of the inning be discussed of many of the other characters than those discussed here, and prejudice is illustrated not only in Elizabeths behavior, but in Darcys and Lady Catherines reactions to the status of Elizabeths family as well Work Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. Ed. Donald Gray. New York Norton and Co., 1993.

Tess of the D´Urbervilles :: Essays Papers

Tess of the DUrbervillesTess of the dUrbervilles pen by Thomas Hardy is a novel ab let out a issue girl of a sad family whose life changes because someone tells her family that they belong to a noble family. But is it a bad change or a good one? This story is written in third person point of view. John Durbeyfield is walking through the street at night and suddenly a historian visiting the townsfolk, boodle and tells him that his last name is very dUrberville and it belongs to a noble family. Sir John hurries and tells the news to his family. He is a very poor man. So he tells his young daughter, Tess, to go find job at their familys town, but Tesss mother never warned her about how mean man can be.There, Tess meets a man, Alec dUrberville, and in a short time he manages to seduce her and he forces her to do something she didnt want to. She leaves immediately that town and shortly after finds out that she is pregnant but her baby, soon after being born, dies. This makes her have a lot of anger towards men.When she goes to find a job at a nonher town she meets a very charming man, Angel Clare, and very soon they fall in love and get married, but when Tess tells him her dark secret he is not able to forgive her after he has done wrong too by having relations with a woman he did not love, and knowing it was not Tesss fault. He then leaves her.While Angel is gone Alec starts to seduce Tess again and she falls for him again. When Angel realizes he was wrong it was too late. Tess then realizes she really loves Angel. Alec was still that mean man she had met and was forced to kill him. Angel and Tess are finally very happy, but just for two days because Tess is put in jail and killed. Alec ends up marrying Tesss sister Liza-Lu like Tess wanted when she knew she was going to be killed. This story takes place in the countryside of England at first in a little village called Marlott, a poor place in a little cottage where she and her family live, and then in several other towns a tour more sophisticated.

Tess of the D´Urbervilles :: Essays Papers

Tess of the DUrbervillesTess of the dUrbervilles written by Thomas brazen is a novel about a young girl of a poor family whose life changes because someone tells her family that they belong to a noble family. But is it a bad change or a good one? This story is written in third person point of view. lavatory Durbeyfield is walking finished the street at night and suddenly a historian visiting the town, stops and tells him that his last name is really dUrberville and it belongs to a noble family. Sir John hurries and tells the news to his family. He is a very poor man. So he tells his young daughter, Tess, to go find job at their familys town, but Tesss mother never warned her about how mean man can be.There, Tess meets a man, Alec dUrberville, and in a short time he manages to cause her and he forces her to do something she didnt want to. She leaves immediately that town and shortly after finds out that she is pregnant but her baby, soon after being born, dies. This makes h er have a lot of anger towards men.When she goes to find a job at another town she meets a very charming man, Angel Clargon, and very soon they smooth in love and get married, but when Tess tells him her dark secret he is not able to forgive her after he has done wrong overly by having relations with a woman he did not love, and knowing it was not Tesss fault. He then leaves her.While Angel is gone Alec starts to seduce Tess again and she falls for him again. When Angel realizes he was wrong it was too late. Tess then realizes she really loves Angel. Alec was still that mean man she had met and was forced to kill him. Angel and Tess are finally very happy, but just for two days because Tess is put in jail and killed. Alec ends up marrying Tesss sister Liza-Lu like Tess wanted when she knew she was passage to be killed. This story takes place in the countryside of England at first in a little village called Marlott, a poor place in a little cottage where she and her fam ily live, and then in several other towns a bit more sophisticated.

Duty Of Care In Health,Social Care Or Childrens Settings

Task AWhen looking after children you have a duty of care to them, this means it is your responsibility to discover the child safe and free from harm. The younger the child the greater the duty of care is,you require to be vigilant and pay attention to keep children safe. mentally risk assessing situations as they arise will help you see whatever potential dangers to the child and help you plan to void any risk. You also need to be aware of a childs feelings and help them develop them so they understand how words as well as actions can hurt others.Duty of care contributes to the safeguarding and tribute of children as you have to follow certain procedures to keep children safe,such as safe guarding policies, risk assessments and precautions to avoid accidents or the spreading of infections. Assessments and observations on a children could alert you to any problems that may need addressing, these may then require discussions with parents and/or other professionals.Task BPotential conflict or dilemma Childs parents dont want child taking part in certain activities due to their religion. How to manage the risk Insure there are activities the child can take part in when the others are doing theirs, communicate with parents to avoid any such conflict. Where to take a shit support and advice Parents, online,library.Potential conflict or dilemma Child swearing.How to manage the risk Discuss with children about appropriate behaviour from the beginning. Where to get support and advice Review managing behaviour policy regularly.Potential conflict or dilemma Child wants to watch telly all day. How to manage the risk Discussion with child,offer alternatives. Where to getsupport and advice The child- find out likes and dislikes.Task CHave in place complaints procedure and policy.

Community Based Rehabilitation

A Documentation of much(prenominal) a comprehensive refining cannot be completed with let on the jockstrap of numerous sources and mess throughout the long carpetged path of success. I too realized this fact and so, I lock this opport do uping blocky to thank them e truly. Person wholey this documentation has boostered me to gain k right offledge and skills to determine community with disabilities and their struggle for survival. in that locationfore it thus gave me a great opportwholey to study the society base Rehabilitation course of study (cosmic bandagingground radiation) of Womens sur baptistry core group (WDC) translate the service of kneads they reserve to the people with disabilities. This documentation would not f alone in been possible if not for the alms loose of number of person who spent their clipping with me. In crackicular, I wish to acknowledge Ms. Pearl Stephen, Fo beneath Director, Womens Development nub (WDC) who prompted me to on a lower floortake this study and for giving me the guidance and support. I overly wish to acknowledge the support and informative guidance of Ms.Dammika Podiemanike, Coordinator, WDC cosmic microwave background radiation syllabusme. I extend my thank you to all the caters of cosmic microwave background course of instructionme for dowry me throughout this study by providing and facilitating to obtain necessary culture Finally, I must mention here that all those who supported me in helping me to document rescue done so with an expectation of a successful documentation. Such an expectation has been my source of inspiration and encouragement. I express my sincere give thanks to all of them albeit that I may not be commensurate to present their names.Having completed the documentation, it is my hope that it impart serve as a source of information for those who ar touch oned on the subject of conjunction establish renewal e particular(prenominal)ly who be interested on rese arch on such(prenominal) a subject, for donors to fasten an understanding as to how their resources be serving the humanity and to the highest degree of all as a reflective material for WDC management and cater for appreciating their sustain hit as well as for merely enhancement of their programme. It is my wish that this documentation allow for bring more(prenominal) light to further enhance safeguarding the advanceds of the incapacitate persons.Ranjan S. K. Nellimale Docum gain August 2007 CONTENTS 01. INTRODUCTION01 02. BACKGROUND DETAILS01 The aim of WDC is to WDC Vision Mission WDC take aim free radical Major commonwealths of engage District Level Womens Fora abandoned to WDC Womens Network 03. OBJECTIVES OF THE DOCUMENTATION11 04. METHODOLOGY OF DOCUMENTATION11 05. THE METHODOLOGY USED FOR DOCUMENTATING11 06. COMMUNITY establish REHABILITATION11 What is cosmic microwave background radiation? 07. WOMENS DEVELOPMENT CENTER AND COMMUNITY found REHABILITAT ION13 Vision of cosmic microwave background Unit of WDC Objectives Activities A. Kandy residential cranial orbit ground Rehabilitation Centre15 Day contend union Counselling Speech and Language Therapy a. Speech secern b. Speech Therapy c. Language Therapy Physi another(prenominal)apy unit peculiar(prenominal) Education flesh Behaviour Modification B. vocational upbringing Centre (VTC) Ampitiya23 C. Manikhinna community Based Rehabilitation fondness26 D. Matale Community Based Rehabilitation Centre28 E. Teldeniya Community Based Rehabilitation Centre29 F. Haragama Community Based Rehabilitation Centre31 G. Madolkale Community Based Rehabilitation Centre33 H. Ulapane Community Based Rehabilitation Centre34 I.Pothgoda Community Based Rehabilitation Centre36 J. Galpihilla Community Based Rehabilitation Centre38 K. Community Blind Rehabilitation program39 08. REMARKS 42 Intervention Rehabilitation barroom 09. CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT44 10. KEY LEARNING FROM THE DOCUMENTATION PROCESS 45 1. rival on the disabled persons 2. Impact on Family living 3. Access to services and facilities 4. Impact on kindly relations 5. mental object Building of Vocational Training 6. Access to loans for those with vocational Training 7. Community Aw arness 8. Self Help Group formation 9.P bental Capacity Building 10. Advocacy 11. RECOMMENDATIONS49 12. ANNEXURES54 COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION PROGRAMME OF WOMENS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE 01. INTRODUCTION The concept of Community Based Rehabilitation programme is that disabled people should bedevil the right to a good carriage and fulfil their needs. The help they need should be available to them at a low cost. It should offer to them and their family a way that suits their accustomed way of living, whether in a village, a t take in or a city. They should have bringing up same anybody else and there should not be nearly(prenominal) disparity.They should be able to take up the blueprint activities wish well jobs and earning their deliver living without discrimination and exploitation. They should be able to take full part in all the activities of their village, or town or city or indoors their families. The idea of cosmic microwave background radiation is that, even if people learn very indisposedly, or have problems ocular perception or hearing or, find it hard to move about, they should s public treasury be respected as existence men and women, girls and boys. Nobody should look down on them, nor be treated any less than a traffic pattern person just beca theatrical role they have a disability. 2. BACKGROUND Womens Development Centre (WDC) is an agreement schematic in 1987 and registered as an NGO in 1989. The aim of WDC is to Help Women enhance their participation in Socio-Economic life and help them take up leadership roles in various capacities. WDC Vision To create a society where women and children atomic number 18 actively involved, having be luck to, fin d to, and support all over resources and working in the ara of advocacy and policy to their own weakenment and of their families.Mission Facilitate and create an environment to streng and so the position of women and children in society by addressing womens and childrens issues and federation awareness, thereby reducing victimization improving opportunities for engaging in in practice generation activities and awareness to break their lives with increased knowledge and through group support and activities. WDC Target Group WDCs work involves women from disadvantaged communities but excessively expands to include youth and children from all ethnic and religious groups predominantly in rural areas.Major areas of work Crisis Intervention Community based Rehabilitation Network with seven district fora and other organizations with similar aim and objectives. Community development (health, fellowship organizing, community awareness and working with schools) Pre-schools and d ay disturbance bone marrows Resource displace Legal aid/ rede programme Disaster discussion District Level Womens Fora attached to WDC Womens Network 03. OBJECTIVES OF THE DOCUMENTATION To explain the concept of the Community Based Rehabilitation ( cosmic microwave background radiation) program as implemented by WDC. How far has the CBR program brought positive impact to communities where it is implemented. To distinguish where changes are have a bun in the ovend for a more effective CBR programme. 04. METHODOLOGY OF DOCUMENTATION The Community Based Rehabilitation program (CBR) has been documented by using Descriptive method. The documenter used mostly interviews and observations to gather information. 05. THE METHODOLOGY USED FOR DOCUMENTING The sign discussion with Mrs.Pearl Stephen as the author and initiator of the program as well as other headstone individuals helped in developing the interviews and observation guide. The information gathered were summarized and a nalyzed to deliver major leanings and conclusions. 06. COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION Community Based Rehabilitation approach shot is said to be suitable for developing countries with limited resources to provide wider coverage of services. The importance of CBR approach is the transfer of minimum rehabilitation skills and responsibility to minimally contained family members and other volunteers in the community.The last decade saw the growth of community based rehabilitation in virtually developing countries, along with changes and adjustments in the concepts and practices related to this field especially in countries like Sri Lanka. What is CBR? Mrs. Pearl Stephen, Founder Director of WDC who founding fatherd CBR, perceives that any intervention to disabled people is liberation for those who are the care takers of the most marginalised persons. In fact, it is the rationale for a womens organisation such as WDC to be involved in the issues of the disabled.According to her, i t is a programme that safeguard the rights of the disabled persons changing their surroundings, including enabling the family and the community in this task. It is a sustainable process that utilises as much(prenominal) local resources and techniques as possible to intervene, rehabilitate and minimise occurrence of disabilities. A strategy inwardly community development for the rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social integration of all people with disabilities (UN definition) CBR is a strategy for enhancing the quality of life of disabled people by improving service delivery, by providing more equitable pportunities and by promoting and protecting their human rights (E. Helander ). 07. WOMENS DEVELOPMENT CENTER AND COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION The Womens Development Centre (WDC) is a local Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) based in Kandy. The aim of the organization is to promote womens status in society by edifice capacity, developing partnerships and suppo rting awareness on health, effective rights, gender leadership development crisis intervention and skills training, networking and bodily function- research on womens issues.The WDC began by running a community health training program in collaboration with local medical officers of health. As the health volunteers gained the trust of many families and communities in which they were working, they learned of many disabled children who had received little, if, any, help. Many were hidden away in shame and fear, round even carnally imprisoned in there business firms. The proves were in desperate need of help and support in cope with the stresses and difficulties of caring for these children.Following requests from the parents, it was agreed that a rehabilitation programme be started in November 1990, with the children already attending the WDC centre in Kandy on two mornings in a week. Some of original health volunteers be cum the rehabilitation workers and their training was ex tended by attendance at paediatric, psychiatric and ENT clinics as well as brief courses at a special school for hearing impaired children. The programme was well attended and rapidly developed, with new centres opening in local villages in response to community requests.There are 10 community based rehabilitation (CBR) centres run by WDC in number of places such as, Ulapane, Manikhinna, Pothgoda, Madolkalele, theldeniya, Galphila, Matale, Ampitiya, Haragama and in Kandy. The village centres are in temples halls and other community premises. They function with the co-operation / support of the local community. These divergent centres work with hospitals, schools, department of tuition, the divisional secretariats and the various service departments within these secretariats. The programme lights-out a lot of local resources from parents, divisional secretariats, department of social services etc.Most of these departments have a lot of respect for the quality of service rendere d by WDC unit and the rapport they are able to develop with the departments and the clients alike. Vision of CBR Unit of WDC Create an environment where the person with special needs while enjoy equal rights and maximum benefits within the family and society. Objective Minimize conditions that lead to disabilities Rehabilitate persons with disabilities while being in community Advocate on issues related to disabilities of persons Activities Maintain community based rehabilitation centres Maintain special education units Maintain vocational training centres for person with special needs Implement community education programs Develop and support networks with and for people with disabilities Mainstream of work and issues of person with disabilities A. Kandy Community Based Rehabilitation Centre The Kandy CBR group currently functions as a separate unit close to the WDC main office. A total of 48 staff are spread over ten CBR centres. There are 10 provide members rendering the ir support to the Kandy centre.In full general, all of the centres whether in the urban areas like Kandy or other centres in rural areas, there are a basic manipulate of services and activities rendered. Therefore, this document would not try to elaborate all these activities in all the centres but try to indicate some of the unique features of the different programmes. The centre in Kandy, in the sense, can be seen as the hub and coordinating place. It is the training and orientation centre as well as judging centre of many disabilities where a large number of clients from different parts of the island admission price their initials services and referrals.The babies and children attending the CBR programmes have wide range of disabilities like hearing and visual impaired, language dis ranks, learning difficulties, and behavior problems, physical and mental disorders. There is deprivation of space for special education schools and units so the children will move from the centr es to get special education. except, some of the children are having bigeminal difficulties which make such placement more difficult. There is a system to assist the very young and other children with difficulties.Those who come to seek the services of the WDC Kandy centre come from various parts of the island through different sources, such as through referrals from hospitals, doctors, hospital clinics, special education department, organizations and some times any one who has heard of this CBR program from a friend or relatives in addition bring their children or form. Some of the services rendered by CBR Kandy centre is commission, speech and language therapy, day care centre, visual program, physio-therapy and special education class. Day Care Centre The Day Care Centre of the WDC CBR unit entertains children requiring Day care facilities for both WDC staff and others. The uniqueness of this centre is the ability to desegregate both normal and children with special needs. P resently there are 18 children (both girls and boys) in the pre school age in this day care centre. Two of the children are from crisis intervention centre of WDC at Haragama which serves women and young girls who have faced violence. Shabana is a 6 familys old child having a physical disability in her hand, arly she got physiotherapy treatment from the centre and now she receives normal pre school education. Counselling Counselling is an a interactive process conjoining the counselee who need assistance and the counsellor who is adroit and educated to give this assistance, the counsellor can initiate and maintain the interactive process if he/she communicates feelings of spontaneity and warmth tolerance, respect and sincerity. One of the main work done by CBR Kandy unit is providing counselling to the parents and the children with disabilities.When the parents approach the organization for help, the first thing that the CBR counsellors do is a detailed assessment regarding the p roblems of child and the related causes by using formats developed by them. In this process the CBR counsellors try to help the parents to clarify the problem and the way how to build the helping process. In the end of this process the counsellors will direct the parents towards next step and to the type of service essential. Speech and Language Therapy The main objective of this unit is to help children in improving Speech and Language skills. a.Speech class Speech class are conducted for children who are having speech difficulties such as stammering, autistic, Down syndrome etc. it is an individual effort with each child. These children are referred by schools and hospitals. The children go through initial assessment while being in the speech class. Those who require intense rehabilitation are identify and provided with further intervention. After the initial assessments and corrective measurers, these children are referred to special education units and followed up on a monthly assessment basis. Some children are also followed up at stands during home take cares . Speech Therapy Those who are supported through speech therapy are those with more intense speaking disabilities such as those who have difficulties with voice and exeursing the tongue. Sometimes such intervention require roughly one year of treatment process. c. Language Therapy Language therapy is often for the children who have extreme difficulties in speaking such as deaf children. Such children are assessed and intervened to improve sounds, sign language etc. The deaf children in particular are referred to the deaf school in Dodanwala to modify them to continue their school career.Even while the children enter the deaf school, they are still followed up until they reach a level of improvement. Physiotherapy unit The Physiotherapy unit plays a vital role to improve the functional ability of children with physical disabilities. This unit performs a number of alpha services such as assess ment of the level of functional ability of the children, perform rehabilitative exercise on children, education and trains parents on exercises, nutritional and health requirements of children to improve these condition.The other function of the unit is also to improve appropriate and affordable rehabilitative devices that could also be turned out in the rural homes. Special Education class The children who come to the special education unit are referred by schools or these who are on the verge of dropping out of schools receivable to learning difficulties. These are children who require special attention or not able to cope in class room situations. Special education class provide the children with learning difficulties to over come their problem and to develop the knowledge.It provides the children to understand the weakness they have and to get the help of the staff of the centre. The staff have developed a good kindred with the children and it helps most students to improve. Behaviour Modification This unit is one place where children who have extreme behaviour difficulties such as those who are hyperactive or are not able to concentrate. They are received to a special unit where they are provided with guidance and unique activities to help them sit in a place, improve concentration, improve working unitedly, learn patience, etc.After these, children learn to control themselves, they are moved to other section for rehabilitative exercises. B. Vocational Training Centre (VTC) Ampitiya The aim of the vocational centre of CBR is to assist children with special abilities to develop their skills to enhance their dignity by helping them to explore and learn about their inherent skills and develop them further to enable productive and more independent living. The children have special talents. After their education, if they are not supported to enhance, they may be lost while they enter the lager society.This is especially true for the children with mental a nd physical disability. They normally do not get sufficient assistance from disposal. To cope up with this situation and to come down the problems they face, in 1999 WDC started the Vocational Training Centre (VTC) within the CBR. In the beginning VTC started with 24 students and given up them training in carpet making, envelopes, paper bags and in carpentry. The Ampitiya centre belongs to the (government) department of social serves and WDC was requested to run this centre.As WDC maintain very good rapport with government departments but lacks required resources, this request was considered timely and opportune. This centre has tether units for residential care, vocational training and school for special education. Mostly, the vocational trainings are for those children who pass out from various rehabilitation centres and have no other coming(prenominal) prospects. At present, there are around 20 children both females and male children learning various skills, not only at the Ampitiya centre but also in other community level rehabilitation centres.The type of vocational training are Carpentry, Eakle broom production, Candle production, Cement flower pots making, Handloom, Sewing/rug making, Fabric/Pottery paint, Envelop making, Paper bag making, Home gardening, Greeting cards, Stocki-net flower making and Patch work. It must be mentioned that it is not easy to train children with disabilities with certain physical mental disabilities. The teachers require patience and concentration all the time especially when they are training to use various tools. While some products can be promoted to competitive markets, this is not always possible.Some children take a very long time to learn the skills but some perhaps cannot go beyond making rugs. Some of the trainees who train the children themselves have been trained by the VTC As part of network building the teachers of VTC also visit Digana rehabilitation hospital for spinal injuries to give vocational trainin g for patients. This training while it goes as part of rehabilitative exercises, also provides a good training to start own conflict in their houses. Further staff of Digana hospital says that those training also have tremendous psychosocial impact on the patients.There are many programmes conducted in collaboration with the government organizations and most of the time the VTC receive invitations /requests to enrol in their programmes. Specially sports events and other competitions. It really help student to appreciate their own capacities. In the year of 2007, 3 students were selected from Amptiya VTC to represent Sri Lanka for Para Olympics in china. C. Manikhinna Community Based Rehabilitation Centre Manikhinna centre was started in the year of 1992. During the 14 year period, it has provided a commixture of services to the community.shortly the centre is located at the Ganadevi kovila, old temple and provides the services to the children with disability as well as to the com munity. The main aim of the centre is to use the available resource in the community and use them for the development of socially handicapped people. Mainly this centre carries out the process to rehabilitate mentally and physically challenged children. Counselling, speech therapy, mentally retarded (MR) class, vocational training and Physiotherapy are the major activities carried out in this centreThe centre maintains good relationship with the temple and the local politicians and the benefit of good rapport improves their service to the community. Manikhinna Community Based Rehabilitation centre has provided many services to the community. The program has enabled the community to build some houses and toilets among the necessitous families. Parents too get self employment training in order to make the family financially stable. The centre strongly believe to make a wear environment for the child. Making the family self employed help the child considerably in the rehabilitation process.The training to parents on self employment further helps to integrate the children with disabilities within family and community. So many changes have also occurred in the community sine the CBR program began in this community. Among them is the awareness of disabilities that has interpreted place among the community and community under stand this kind of children require special attention and care. When the Manikhinna centre initially started, the staff visited many communities. In the process they also identified villages classed as Low caste, and those working with devils. hese village were normally neglected by other villages, and government officers never visited them nor did the temple accept their alms. However, when the CBR staff started to visit them, inviting the priests and government officers to the CBR centre, the situation started gradually changing. Sudeep is a 16 year old boy having learning difficulties. According to the doctors he is a mentally retarded chi ld. He come from a unequal family and his father left him and the family. CBR helped his mother to build a house because they do not have proper shelter. Currently this child is attending Speech and Language Therapy classes in the CBR centre.It is interesting to note that this child manages to read and write to some extent. When the documenter asked Sudeep whether he could visit his newly built house he was overjoyed. With outmost interest Sudeep help the documenter to visit his house and get information about his village. The development that has taken place in this child is important to the society as well as for the childs own future. D. Matale Community Based Rehabilitation Centre Matale Community Based Rehabilitation Centre was started in the year 2000 and currently it is situated at Hunukate Alokaramya Temple.The service rendered by the staff of this centre are acknowledge by the people and they give their fullest support to the CBR program. There are 75 children currently getting the services from this centre. It carries out the rehabilitation activities for mentally and physically challenged children. It provides Counselling, speech therapy, MR class, self employment training and Physiotherapy. Due to ignorance and lack of awareness most of the community people face many problem. The CBR centre has taken stairs to conduct awareness programs to the community, such as the orthopaedic camp conducted by the Centre for Handicap organization.It is a good example of how the CBR yoke coordinate with other organizations to improve the services for the people. Anther awareness program is on nutrition. It is an important program for the community as most of the parents and children do not have proper nutrition. Good nutrition has been identified as one of the most important aspects to minimize disability. Documenter got the opportunity to speak with the midwife of the community and learned how the CBR program benefited the lives of people. According to her ea rlier there was no awareness among the people about the disabilities and they totally neglected those people with disabilities.But when the CBR staff started to work with the people they became aware about the problem and sought the help of the CBR centre. She also mentioned that the staff are able to build a good rapport with people and provide a lot of support to those who approach them. Amila Kumara is a student doing his advance level (A/L) this year. His mother is working abroad and his father is dead. At the time he approached the CBR program, he was totally neglected by his family members due to his physical disability. He has difficulty to walk.Due to this difficulty he did not attend the A/L classes. But with the support of the CBR centre he has improved a lot and now he can walk by himself. He got so much of motivation from the CBR staff and support that encouraged him to do his A/L. He will sit for the examination this year. He is so glad about the CBR program and he says that because of this program his life has changed. E. Teldeniya Community Based Rehabilitation centre Teldeniya centre was started in the year of 2004. Currently the centre is lacated in the Teldeniya primary school.With the limited space this centre is functioning well and provids much services to the community. In this centre Counselling, speech therapy, MR class, self employment training and Physiotherapy programs are available for the community. As the centre is located within the school premises, it has developed a strong relationship with the school programs and work closely with the school to provide better services. This centre also conducts awareness programmes and organized womens groups. This centre too provides training on self employment. Tailoring class seem popular.There is a teacher employed by Government handling this class for the parents of these children. In this centre staff have been able to create a good environment with government officials as well as other top level officials in order to provide better service to the community. Documenter got an opportunity to speak with the school foreland and learn how the CBR program fulfils the needs of the community. According to him, prior to the program there were no support to the children with mental and physical disabilities, they where totally neglected within the schools as well as in the community.The CBR programme provided these children with disabilities an opportunity to come out of their difficult situation. According to the principal earlier there was no one to help the children with leaning and behavioural difficulties in their education in the school. Teachers were disinterested in such children as they where more interested to help the able children. After the rehabilitation programme was started, we are now able to send these children to this centre and now I am happy to see the improvement of these children due to the help they got form this program. Some of the children we sen t to this centre have come back and are now studying with normal children, It is a joy nice to see how they have change. Deshika Kolabaga is a 6 year old child having much difficulty in her behaviour pattern. Since 3 years she is attending the CBR centre and gets speech therapy and special education support. According to her mother Deshika underwent so much of difficulty with in the family due to her ways of behaviour. All her family members neglected and reject her. But since she started to attend the CBR program she has remarkably improved.She has been able to get over most of her behaviour problems, she is now able to do her work normally and manage to win every one hearts in the family. The family members now understand that she has to get special care and attention from the family. Deshekas mother is so happy about the staff of the organization and says that it is due to their care and support that her child has improved and she is thankful for them. F. Haragama Community Based Rehabilitation centre Haragama centre was started in the year of 2004, since then there have been so much of changes in the community because of the CBR program.It has given lot of services to the community for the upliftment of children with disabilities. Currently the centre is located close to the WDC Crisis centre. Like other CBR centres this centre too caries out the duties of rehabilitating mentally and physically challenged children. It provides Counselling, speech therapy, MR classes, self employment training and Physiotherapy. Most of the parents of children who come to the centre said that prior to bringing their children to the centre, they faced many difficulties due to lack of awareness on how to handle the children.But with the CBR programme, life has deform much easier. It has also facilitated looking at the problems as a community. The parents of these children are very poor and therefore the CBR programme also help the mothers through skills training on basket mak ing etc. It is expected that after this training the mothers will engage themselves in self employment. The documenter had the opportunity to speak with a group of basket-making women in the centre, they were so happy and willingly came forward to explain how and what kind of service they get from WDC as an organization.The mothers explained that prior to coming to the CBR program, they faced much hardships and their children experienced many difficulties in learning, behavioural problems, etc due to the disabilities. However the mothers are very happy about the improvement that they see in their children. They also feel relieved due to this improvement. The mothers also appreciate the training they received to work with their children to participate in the rehabilitation process of their children. G. Madolkale Community Based Rehabilitation centre This centre was started in the year 2000.The program in particular supports the disabled children in the plantation sector. Currently th e centre is located close to Paramsehwara Tamil College Madolkale, and looks after around 24children. Because this centre is located in close proximity to plantation sector, most of the children come from families working in plantation sector. Serving the plantation itself is a unique experience for the WDC/CBR unit, as there are very hardly a(prenominal) programs implemented to serve the estate sector. Compared to all other projects of WDC/CBR unit, the parents of most children have a very low level of literacy.In general, though it is a community living close to each other, it is not a close community that supports one another. Since both parents go to work, the children with disabilities and practically the mothers who are burdened with many functions face a lot of difficulties. Initially the staff also found it difficult to located children. It was also difficult to make parents understand why it is important to reconcile special attention to children with disabilities. Gradua lly the programme has taken root in the community. The parents, teachers and children are now able to understand its importance.Because the school community and children appreciate the program, the organization enjoys good reputation. There are 24 children who attend speech class, speech therapy, MR class, and self employment training. Other than this, 2 families receive the help of WDC. One parent was helped to cement the floor of their house while another received tea plants to initiate an income generation activity. As the staff identified the problems of low nutrition being low, they also conducted training and education session on nutritionThe documenter had the opportunity to speak with some of children who were engaged in sewing handkerchiefs. These were children with learning difficulties as well as physical disabilities. According to them they are happy now because they get the opportunity to learn some useful things for their future and these children really feel more unt ouchable due to the CBR program. There are other skills training activities such as bag making, making envelopes and candles, etc. H. Ulapane Community Based Rehabilitation centre Ulapane centre was started in 1995.During the 17 year period it has given many services to the community to help through many development activities. Currently the centre is located in at the Ulapane Maha Vidyalaya and providing the services to the children through the special education unit. In my view, compared to other centres, Ulapane is a difficult terrain to work due to hilly slopes. The area that the staff are required to cover is wide. Children are brought to this centre from very faraway places. The staff also require to travel far to make home visits.There are also many physically disabled children that the parents are unable to bring to the centre on a routine basis. Therefore, the staff are required to make much effort to visit all of them despite transportation difficulties in the area. Also t he resources are very limited Like other centres it in the first place carries out the process of rehabilitation of mentally and physically challenge children. It gives Counselling, speech therapy, MR class, vocational training and Physiotherapy. This centre has built a good reputation among the government officers and the social welfare organizations. According to the school Principal, the CBR program has created so much of awareness about disabilities in the community that it has become easy to identify disabilities among the children. Initially people did not have an understanding what this center was doing for children with disabilities but, with time, they have gained understanding and started to help the school in ways they could. He said It is a privilege, as a Principal, for me to take part in this program. Listening to the Principal it was clear to me that he is satisfied with the CBR program and appreciates the work they are doing.The change in awareness and the quality o f life of children are remarkable. The staff of the Ulapane unit also indicated that apart from the services they render to the children, the mothers of the children also have become members of a womens forum. Through this forum, the mothers get training and support to develop income-generation towards economic empowerment. Ashma is a girl having learning difficulties. She has been dropped out from two schools and never given lavish support and guidance for her education. She has been totally neglected from the school and it created some confusion and difficulties for her.When her father started to take her in to the CBR program she started showing improvement in her education and her father is vary happy about her development. According to her father she is getting proper care and support for her education due to which she is motivated and shows interest in studies. The Father said now he could understand why she was not able to study well in the schools, that it was due to the la ck of capabilities of the schools teachers to understand slow learning. When such children started attending school and fall into the wrong and incapable hands of teachers, the school careers of children are ruined.Such children then become isolated and ashamed. They are mark as those who cannot study, rather than saying that they were in the hands of incapable teachers. From the above case-study, it is clear that the kind of service provided to the community become more important and indeed it create lot of awareness about disabilities and what kind of services are available for them. I. Pothgoda Community Based Rehabilitation Centre This centre is located at Pothgoda Rajasinha Vidyalaya as a special unit. This unit started to work in the community since 2002.The importance of this unit is mainly to concentrate to bring behavioural changes and help slow learning children to get proper support through education. The special emphasis of this unite is to provide special education to the children who are having learning difficulties due to M/R. It should be noted that not only children with MR face difficulties of being misunderstood, the parents too face difficulties and are saddened by the fact that they are not able to understand their children. The parents of these children are engaged in cultivation as their main occupation and most of the parents are poorly literate.This has an impact on the development of the children. Children with disabilities normally get isolated from the families and get neglected. They may not receive proper care and support. Therefore, the services of the CBR unit become important to develop the sensitivity of the family towards children with disabilities, so that proper attention could be paid to children. From the perspective of the children, when children are not understood and proper attention paid by the school, most children end up as drop outs from schools. Therefore, such units are playing an important role to lift the educ ation level of children.They are able to make improvements and get back to the normal education after they gain improvement. The staff also shared that in families where there are children with disabilities, the families also have many conflicts that make the life of children extremely difficult. The staff understanding this situation, also provides counselling. According to the principal, this unit has had major impact on the community and to lift the standard of education of the children with disabilities. Recently, the unit also conducted an awareness program to the school teachers on depression. Another awareness programme for the community was on nutrition.Such programmes have provided many benefits for the children and their families. He noted with satisfaction that some children have been able to get back their normal class after improvement. J. Galpihilla Community Based Rehabilitation centre Galpihilla Centre has been started 1998 and currently located at the Galpihilla pri mary school. The function of this unit is to provide special education to the children who have been identified to have learning disabilities. Most of the children in the unit have multiple difficulties and shown improvement with CBR intervention. The children who come to this centre come from the nearby community.As has been explained, in relation to other centres, it needs to be reiterated the hapless situation of the children with disabilities where there is no understanding how to handle and care for such children. According to the principal most families in the community are poor and this penury situation directly affects children with disabilities. With the intervention of the CBR on the lives of children to develop their level of independence, it has helped to free the time of the parents which adds to their awareness and their co-operation in this regard. Rumasha Abeyanaike was born in 1990 with physical disabilities.Her father is a labourer. His earnings are not enough to meet the needs of family. In 1992 she came to the special unit for treatment. Because of her physical disabilities she was not able to move freely. With the help and support of the centre she gained control over her limbs and posture. With the exercises, by the CBR staff and at home by her parents, within about 4 years she was able to sit. When she was able to control her limbs, she was trained to use thread frames to develop skills. She excelled in both education and in making lace work. Over the years she also learned to work with out help.All these achievements have do her family very happy. K. Community visual Rehabilitation program Community visual Rehabilitation program is one among the important activities carried out under CBR program. It mainly concentrates on the blind or the people who have difficulties in their vision. Currently this program functions as a separate unit under CBR program. This program was introduced in 2001. Because of a good network system that WDC has developed they received an invitation from an organization based in the south of Sri Lanka to send three volunteers for a training program on blindness.After this training program was over, the 3 volunteers trained other staff in the WDC. A study that was subsequently conducted around Kandy, identified 128 persons with vision difficulties. Identification of such a large number of persons from all ages with vision difficulties is an eye opener to the divisional secretariat as the general perception was that blindness is not a problem in Kandy. The aim of this program is to deviate from a purely clinical model of intervention.Therefore, the intervention contains a package of service of screening, awareness on prevention of blindness or to make those with vision difficulties independent and productive counselling to those affected and their family members reducing poverty through involvement in income generation activities etc. While all 128 persons were referred for medical support, initially the programme identified 4 people for holistic care intervention. The expansion of the programme firstly concentrated in the Gangawata Korale divisional secretariat for 23 persons and later to Pathahewaheta and then to Harispathuwa divisions.In 2004, the number of clients in this programme increased to 43 persons. The clients feel that since they participate in the rehabilitation programme, they received more respect from the family members, earn as well as, save money, and it has chip ind to improve the quality of their lives As part of the programme, the blind people underwent special training and counselling programme like how to do their day-to-day activities how to use the white cane and the ways of earn a living. Because of this program, some are engaged in small seale trade such as selling cloths, tea, etc, while some make paper bags, lamp wicks, joss sticks, etc.Kusumawati is a middle-aged lady with vision problem. When the Community visual Rehabilitation program reached her, she was living with her sister and was dependent on her. Once she got sufficiently rehabilitated, she started working in a near by joss sticks factory. However she did not receive sufficient salary. The CBR staff helped her to manufacture joss sticks in her house. She was able to earn and save money from her business, and build her own house and started to live on her own. Now she cooks her own meals and does her day to day activities by herself. From the financial ssistance she gets from the government and with the income generated from her small business, she is able to live happily. in a higher place case study a good example of how a Community Blind Rehabilitation program could help the lives of needy people. There are many social welfare organizations in and round Kandy district but the only organization giving support to blind people to improve mobility and to start self employment is Womens Development Centre (WDC). Joss Sticks making Goat rearing 08. REMARKS T here is sufficient evidence that the CBR programme makes a big difference in the lives of the children with disabilities and their families.Most of the children in the CBR program come from the poorer sector which itself is a big a hindrance for development, as children tend to lack the basic needs that are vitally important. The programme has proven its viability to improve the quality of life. Intervention It is evident from many responses, that the CBR staff are experienced and skilled than most others like teachers to make good assessments of client to identify the condition of the children with disabilities. , whether they come from schools or community. They are able to be holistic in their assessments.They are also better able to build good rapport and win confidence of the children, their families and others such as school teachers, principals etc. Their level of professionalism and also the way they receive other support in the assessment enables them to develop more effec tive rehabilitation plan that is holistic. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation is the most important process in CBR programme. It creates opportunity for the children with difficulties to receive right intervention and rehabilitation to overcome their problems with the help of the staff in the CBR program.There is a wide range of difficulties which are visible, with children like the physical disability, learning difficulties, behaviour problems, blind, profound deafness, hydrocephalous, down syndrome, multiple disabilities, speech problem, autistic and mental retardation. In the CBR programme they carry out activities to help the children to over come their problems and through this process they are rehabilitated. The activities such as Counselling, speech therapy, MR class, vocational training, special education class, awareness programs and Physiotherapy.It is remarkable to see how the staffs of the CBR program work closely with the children as well as with the parents to fulfil the t ask to improve the status of children and create an environment for the personal development and make rehabilitation process efficient. What is also interesting is that of available facility for those who get sufficiently rehabilitated, to follow vocational training to make their future independent and skilled, with life-long impact. The vocational training helps them to be employed or to start their own business with the support of their family members. Prevention although it not possible to totally eradicate people worthy disabled, the CBR program carries out a number of programs to minimize people becoming disabled. While some of them are to raise awareness among the communities such as on intake of proper nutrition, discouraging marriages among blood relations, other are to eradicate poverty, poverty being the root cause for many evils including disablement. Further, the programme also helps marginalized community to learn various services such as health, come to receive rubell a or other referrals or even making education more easily available to marginalized. 9. CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT The CBR approach is a holistic process spanning from individual development, continuing through to community. The process can be summarized in the following manner emanating fram the individual Speaking about a person with disabilities, he/she is a person with many problems/ difficulties from within and outside. So the CBR process renders services to solve the disabilities within and this makes the rehabilitation process more effective. When the mind of the person becomes stable and strong, it leads to the improvement of the body conditions.It then leads to develop the spirituality of a person. It is clear when a person develops ones spirituality it leads to the development of his/her social status. All these processes together with other support, then leads to economic improvement. When the rehabilitation of a person is achieved, the process does not end there. It then leads to have positive impact on the community. Rehabilitation process should develop like a scale and it will be a continuous process. 10. KEY LEARNING FROM THE DOCUMENTATION PROCESSAs a documenter, in this section, I wish to present my overall impressions regarding the CBR programme. In overall performance, there are many positive outcome and impacts as a result of the CBR programme. 1. Impact on the disabled persons There is an observable change in the quality of life of the children and adults with disabilities as they get enrolled with the programme. They improve in mobility, coordinating limbs, enable continuation of education, improve in conversation etc. ost of all, it enhances their dignity transforming them from a dependent, helpless person to an a independent person with abilities. Therefore, the process promotes individuals to become more independent and productive. Engagement on vocational training is a good example of improvement towards economic independence. For creating this impact, the skills of the staff, their commitment, rehabilitation techniques and in particular the social counselling process, have found to be important. 2. Impact on Family living Within the family, the disabled persons have gained more recognition and acceptance.There is also marked improvement in the sensitivity of family members towards them and therefore, the disabled persons have been able to get appropriate support from the family members. Instead of the dependant persons that were there before, with CBR intervention, the disabled persons are able to contribute to the house-hold chores or in some instances, contribute economically. By this contributions they make, some of the family members who were earlier trapped in to care giving roles, have been freed to become productive by themselves.It is notable in particular, how the mothers have been made free to a large extent. However, it must also be mentioned here that during the initial period of rehabilitat ion, the work of the mothers also increase tremendously. This extra commitment on their part has not been without rich reward. 3. Access to services and facilities There is more recognition for the disabled person within the various services such as health, education, resource provision by the divisional secretariats etc.It also has improved the system of providing the referral the much needed attention from the service sector. 4. Impact on social relations In general, there is increased awareness among communities regarding disability situations and therefore the need for community members to work together. While there is more recognition for the disabled persons within the family, especially parents have come together to discuss common issues regarding the disabled children. In the CBR centres, there is a marked contribution by parents together as a community to make the programme a success.Particularly in one community, the programme also helped to unify a socially isolated commu nity. 5. Prevention of Disabilities Promoting the use of Rubella vaccine, improved nutrition through awareness and training on use of low-cost and natural foods, awareness on compatible marriages etc are seen as specific contribution of the programme. Apart from the above, the following are also identified as areas where there needs to be further improvement 6. Capacity Building of Vocational Training The present vocational training that are done especially in the rural centres, has a greater otential for improvement in terms of concept and technical inputs. maturation of capacity of teachers handling this work is important. Further, they also require knowledge and skills to make links to markets and the demands. 7. Access to loans for those with vocational Training At present, WDC CBR programme provides a lump sum amount to those graduating from the VT. What is not clear is the after-support to family as a unit such as access to loans and follow-up in the development of the income generating activity to a viable enterprise. 8.Community Awareness It is ascertained that the greater emphasis of the CBR is on the families directly involved in the programme. This the documenter sees as a limitation. Involvement of the community as a whole will create a bigger and sustainable impact. 9. Self Help Group formation Strong Self-Help groups in the communities where the CBR programme is implemented is considered an asset as it is not only able to provide stability, but also provide economic support involving both the family members of CBR and other members in the community.One other ability of a self help group is also its ability to tumble resources within and outside community. 10. Parental Capacity Building It is noticed that for any emergency or a need, look up to the staff of CBR to provide leadership. Through community capacity building programme, while it can reduce the work load of staff, it could also provide sustainability to the programme. Therefore, it is d esirable that within the programme, capacity building of staff be treated as a specific focus to achieve the set objectives of the programme. 1. Advocacy There are many issues for which advocacy are required. It is unclear on WDC role on policy advocacy. Two specific areas that has paused a challenge are the effort to do away with the special education units and the other is the poor knowledge of parents and the clients on the rights for services and facilities for the disabled persons. 12. Linking community Development and Networking The link between the efforts of the CBR with the community development and Networking which are key direction of WDC dose not surface clearly.Therefore, this coherence of the programme requires further enhancement as finally, goal achievement in communities are common. 11. RECOMMENDATIONS The current CBR programme has a big impact on the lives of the disabled people and make the way for the social development. It is indeed a programme with lot of poten tial. However there are still areas with the CBR program, the staff can look, further father develop and improve the standard of the community based rehabilitation process. 01) Developing the capacity of the staff in Assessing local needs and resource namingsThere is no one model of rehabilitation service that will suit all circumstances based on local situation. What is needed is a needs-based model for the different circumstances. Some early programmes of CBR were not successful because they did not endeavor any research on the perception/needs of the target population, or even considered the availability of local resources. Although there has been improvement in this, the resource identification can be further harnessed. Additionally, there is much room for research based model development.While WDC staffs do understand the cultural barriers and surrounding, the disabled persons, their families and even how such children are hidden due to many different reasons, it is certainly beneficial to conduct in depth study to explore information in order to develop local models of intervention in a more accurate way. In this servies, information within the family systems, factors that influence marginalization of disabled person from alive(p) in social activities, career aspiration by the disabled person, etc. should receive critically sharp focus. 02) Disability related Policies, and Programs and Preventive MeasuresIt is apparent that the WDC staff contributes much in the intervention, prevention and rehabilitation process of the disabled and over the years there is both qualitative and quantitative improvement in their work. This does not mean that there is no room for further improvement. The documenter observes that the knowledge of WDC staff in relation to the policies, programmes and preventive measurers that is available in the larger environment, including in the transnational arena would help in raising the awareness of communication and in motivating t he communities more to wards advocacy.3) Building up resource centre for CBR It is important to maintain an information centre or resource centre to provide the latest information about community based rehabilitation programs in different parts of the world and its new findings for the development to build or improve the capacity of the staff. There is also a need to upgrade the knowledge of CBR staff in terms of latest development in the field of disability through personal enhancement as well as having access to IT information. Family Help Line It is observed that the families of the disabled children supported by WDC mostly live in remote areas with minimum access to infrastructure such as transportation etc. Such families can also be identified as multi-deficit families with poverty, voieance, marginalization etc. Due to remoteness of location of the families, for staff to visit with limited resources is seen as difficult. A family help line is therefore suggested to be develop ed when such families could reach at time of needs especially for legal, counselling and referral support, as such a system to access will support as an initial measure.This may be a neighbourhood womens group, knowledge of professionals help with close proximity etc. This may work as a quick and effective linkage between community and the CBR program. Support Groups It is observed that most of the families of the disabled children are accessing the CBR centres for every need related to their family needs, thes creating an a opportunity to make the families totally dependaed on CBR program. So in the long run this is not good to reach the CBR objectives. Therefore, formation of Support groups in their communities is strongly recommended.Support groups enable individuals with disabilities and their families to exchange ideas where both positive and prejudicial views can be expressed. It also provides a capacity within the community in emergency situations which support groups can p rovide. ? Hope ? Information ? Friendship ? communion ? Problem-solving ? Personal growth ? Advocacy 04) Forming neighbour hood Groups It can consist of 10 to 20 members in neighbouring villages near to CBR centres having homogeneity in social status, sex, income, occupation, disabilities. It is the basic organization of poor and the marginalized formed and working at the grassroots level.It is a group that can take responsibilities in the issues where CBR program is functioning. It will be a great chance to build up a strong community relationship to reach disabled people in all communities. 05) Awareness programs Although CBR programme conducts many awareness programs to the community, it is important to conduct awareness programs to increase the knowledge and to build a strong support system. It provides a foundation where the CBR programs can be implemented more effectively with the help of the community. The awareness program can cover the flowing anticipated outcomes local an esthetic leaders have increase awareness and their capacity to make changes in their community and the values to organise local people to take positive steps to support the rehabilitation of disabled people. Local people have to increased their sensitivity towards the disabilities and their vulnerabilities. Local people have greater confidence in their own ability to make appropriate changes as they can to promote community based support to the people with disabilities. Effective and ongoing community organization and action on safe-guards rights of the disabled. Improved local services and facilities in education, health, sanitation which have a big impact on the disabled children. To develop educated and confident(p) people to take and speak of the issues related to self help measures. 06) Training of the CBR staffs Efficient training of the newly appointed staff in the CBR program in order to have a positive out come in whole program. It is suggested that the staff get traini ng in every aspects of rehabilitation care in the main Kandy centre, by being able to spend certain amount of time in every unit till they are exposed and skilled.

Red bull Essay

Motivated by primary(prenominal)stream drinks from the Far East, Dietrich Mateschitz created blushing(a) Bull in the mid 1980s. He produced the recipe of trigger-happy Bull Energy potable and established the distinctive marketing idea of Red Bull. Red Bull Energy Drink was sold for the get-go time on 1st April 1987, in its home market Austria. This was not only the introduction of an entirely fresh and different harvest-home, in fact it was the birth of a completely new product type. Today Red Bull exists in more than 166 countries and about 40 billion cans of Red Bull have been consumed so far. By the end of 2013, Red Bull has employed 9,694 people in 166 countries with the company turnover exceeding the five billion euro mark for the first time. SWOT summaryStrengthsMarket lead within the energy drinks market Red Bull is the energy drink pioneer all over the world. Marketing Efforts Well designed promotions, targeted campaigns and sponsorships for example reflection 1, R ed Bull revolution of sound and Red Bull music academy. WeaknessHigh prices.No new innovation in all these historic period to compete with new comers. OpportunitiesExtension of product line to help retain market share.Consumer recognition through more sporting events.New ventures like main stream sports sponsorships to target alldemographics and partnership with social media sites. ThreatsCompetition from other health focused organic drinks which boost energy. Change of rules from government health departments (especially first world countries) on high caffeine products. Low acceptance in the market due to cheaper options available. Health and fitness awareness in customers.Another macro menace to energy drink industry in general including Red Bull is the growing industry of specialty coffee in Australia. Competitor AnalysisIn many surveys it is said that people use energy drinks for various reasons, but main reason being energized instantly. In Australia the main competitive thr eat to Red Bull is from energy drink brands such as Monster, Mother, Rockstar and v. Other market competition includes sports drinks and soft drinks. Coca-Colas sales in energy and sports drinks lead in Australia in 2012. The company runs two products, Mother and Powerade. Powerade was the top brand in sports drinks in 2012, accounting for 50% of off-trade volume, while Mother was the third take competitor in energy drinks, accounting for 22% of off-trade volume. Target MarketCore target market segments for Red Bull consists of the core age congregation of 15 40. Young people feel more need of energy drinks due to work pressure, extended energy levels, multiple jobs and work and personal career balance. Consumers are inclined towards Red Bull because the shear name and position of the brand, and the brands association with some well-known athletes, extreme sports such as motorsports, bike, surfing, skateboarding and more. Red Bulls association with exclusive music scene all ove r the globe provides young people with another reason to be a part of the brand.ReferencesArmstrong, G. Adam, S. Denize, S. and Kotler, P. Principles of Marketing, 5th edition., Pearson, Australia Red Bull. Company and Product Overview. 2014Available http//energydrink.redbull.com (accessed 25 March 2014).

Augustine Medical Case

AUGUSTINE MEDICAL, INC.The Bair Hugger Patient warm System Winston Rivero MK 4900 Prof. H. Barksdale October 16th, 2012Industry Analysis Many competitive technologies atomic number 18 available for the prevention and intercession of postoperative hyp some othermia. The fall into the two categories o Surface Warming ? Warmed hospital mantelpieces ? Water-circulating blankets ? Air-circulating blankets and mattresses ? Thermal drapes ? Infr ared heating lamps ? Partial warm-water immersion ? Increased get on temperature Internal Warming ? Heated and humidified air ( employ with intubated patients) ? Warmed intravenous (I. V) fluids ? Drug therapy.Approximately 21 million surgical trading operations performed in the joined States or 84,000 operations per average day. Approximately 5, five hundred Hospitals have direct rooms and postoperative domesticatey rooms in the U. S o 31,365 postoperative hospital beds o 28,514 operating rooms in hospitals.Company Analysis Augustine Medic al, Inc. s a profligate that develops and merchandises crossroads for hospital operating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms.Founded by Dr. Scott Augustine, an anesthesiologist. His personal experiences in the theme of medicine have helped Dr. Augustine develop a product that offered all the features that nurses and patients would appreciate the approximately.Initial capitalization of $500,000 that will be used to cover fixed costs such as salaries, leased space, and promotional tradeing during its first year of operation.The Bair Hugger Patient Warming System The Bair Hugger Patient Warming system has several advantages over other treatments ? Warm air makes patients feel warm and they stop shivering almost immediately. ? The system does not cause burns ? The system can be used safely around electrical equipment ? Disposable blankets eliminate the risk of cross-contamination ? The system does not require the patient to be lifted or rolled. o Consists of a heater/ cetacean unit and separate inflatable covers or blankets (12 in total).The warming time per patient is about two hours. o Plastic covers are patented. skunk/blower unit does not have a patent. o Subcontractors determined the costs of the components to be ? $380 heater/blower unit ? $0. 85 per elastic useable blanket. o The system is sold through and through medical product distributor organizations around the country. The margins paid to the distributors are ? 30% of the delivered exchange toll on the heat/blower unit. ? 40% of the delivered exchange bell on the blankets Competitive Products (Exhibit 1) Advantage Disadvantage Warmed Hospital blankets Simple, safe, and inexpensive Cool quickly simply insulation Water-Circulating Blankets Slightly to moderately effective Heavy, expensive Average tolls Can cause burns Auto $5,072. 0 (4,850+5,295) Leaks around electrical equipment Manual $1800 later 40% discount Disposable blankets $23 Reflective Thermal Drapes Simple, safe Preventive measure Average Price $6. 3 (head, drape, Inexpensive Only insulation, no heat transfers. leggings) Air-Circulating Blankets Safe, lightweight Products not widely found in the U. S. Average Price $4,000 More effective than hospital blankets and water-circulating blankets Trends Analysis The Bair Hugger Patient is designed to harbour body temperature of postoperative patients and to treat hypothermia experienced by some patients after operations. o Medical research states that 60-80% of postoperative patients experience hypothermia. The buckram projected that 1 system would be sold per 8 postoperative recovery room beds. Exhibit 2 Number of Postoperative Beds Number of Hospitals project Unit gross taxation Projected sales ( of hospitals x Unit gross sales) 7-11 1,281 1 1,281 units 12-17 391 2 782 units 18-22 135 3 405 units 23-28 47 4 188 units 29-33 17 4 68 units 33 (approx. 50) 17 6 102 units 1,888 Hospitals 2,826 units total Marketing Research Research commissioned by the firm indicated that hospitals with fewer than seven beds would most likely not be interested in Bair Hugger Patient Warming System. potentiality Target Market 1,888 hospitals accounting for about 80 % of all surgical operations in the U. S. o Projected gross revenue demand of 2,826 heat/blower units Trend of interview responses after product demonstration o Belief in making the patient feel to a greater extent comfortable o Belief that the product would speed up recovery for postop patients o Free trial of product o Belief that the product is price sensitive to other cheaper methods o Purchase decisions need to be submitted for approval (above $1,500) Research suggested that introducing this product to hospitals would be a time-consuming process that would go through stages. The Hosworth-Climator is a product very similar to the Bair Hugger Patient Warming System and it is predicted that this product could be distributed in the United States ne xt year.Problem Definition The main job pertaining to Augustine Medical Inc. is determining the change price to hospitals for the Bair Hugger Patient Warming System. The system is comprised of two components the heater/blower unit, and the plastic blankets. Determining the products selling price is of utmost importance since it will influence the demand for the product among prospective buyers, determine the firms cash flow, allow the firm to form its promotional marketing/advertising budget, and it will provide essential information to its distributor organizations. Alternative Analysis The problem that Augustine Medical Inc. s experiencing is determining the book price for its product. The dilemma boils down to two major pricing dodging alternatives Penetration pricing strategy and skimming pricing strategy. The two alternatives have strengths and weaknesses for the firm. cost of Alternative products per treatment o Warmed hospital blankets (Exhibit 3) Price per pound Weight per blanket Of blankets per Total Cost per application application $0. 13 2 lbs. 7 $1. 82 o Water-circulating blankets (Exhibit 4) Control Units Average Price Blankets Average Price automatonlike $5,072. 50 Reusable $271. 50 Manual $1,800. 00 Disposable $23. 00 Automatic control units from $4,850 to $5,295 Manual control units are $3,000. Discount 40% Reusable blankets from $168 to $375 Disposable blankets from $20 to $26 o Reflective Thermal Drapes (Exhibit 5) Average Price Adult Head cover $0. 9 Drapes $3. 24 ($2. 50/$3. 98)/2 Leggings $3. 00 $1. 50 x 2 legs Total $6. 73 o Hosworth-Climator priced at $4,000 Penetration price Strategy alternative this strategy consists of lowering prices to attract customers and gain market share.Advantages to the firm o Research suggests that the price for this product is elastic compared to other alternatives so lowering the price is a good incentive for customers to try the product. Competitive advantage over competitors such as the Hosworth-Climator. o The product is not all told protected by patents so competitors can create a similar product Disadvantages to the firm o The firm must sell more units to break-evenLower positiveness Calculations Heater/blower unit o Number of hospitals with more than seven beds 1,888 o Projected Sales in units 2,826 units o Unit selling price $494 ? $380 cost per unit + $114 dissemination markup o Projected Sales $1,396,044 ? (2,826 units)*($494) o Cost of Units $1,073,880 ? (2,826 units)*($380) o Cost of Unit distribution (30% of unit selling price) $322,164 ? (2,826 units)*($114) Blankets Potential target market 14,700,000 cases of postoperative patients with hypothermia. ? (21 million)*(70%)= 14,700,000 cases ? 1,225,000 stacks of 12 blankets each. 14,700,000/12 blankets ? $10. 20 price per 12 blanket stacks. $0. 85 x 12 blankets ? Cost of blankets $12,495,000 (1,225,000 stacks)*($10. 20) o 12 blanket stack selling price after distribution $21 o Cost of distribution cost per stack (40% of stack selling price) $8. 40 ? ($21)*(0. 40)=$8. 40 ? ($8. 40)*(1,225,000 stacks)= $10,290,000 o Total cost of distribution $10,612,164 ? $10,290,000+$322,164 o Projected Sales from blankets ? $25,725,000 (1,225,000 stacks)*($21 selling price) Exhibit 6 Sales from blankets $25,725,000 Sales from units $1,396,044 Total Sales $27,121,044 Cost of blankets - $12,495,000 Cost of units - $1,073,880 Cost of distribution -$10,612,164 Total Profit $2,940,000 o The calculations show that the firm is profitable under this strategy. Part of the strategy is offering the heater/blower unit for a discounted price of $494 ($380+$114). This price only takes into consideration the distribution cost and the cost to manufacture the heater/blower unit, no profit margin has been added to this price. Research suggested that physicians and nurses would want to try the product before attempting to make a purchase decision. The stack of disposable blankets is priced at $21. The s elling price would cover the manufacturing and distribution costs of $10. 20 and $8. respectively, leaving $2. 40 per blanket modify to profits.The purpose of this strategy is to attract potential customers and gain market share. In this strategy, sales revenue and profitability are driven by blanket sales since the heater/blower is a durable product and blankets are disposable products. In the short- officiate, profits will shrink as a result of fixed and variable costs of the units, but in the gigantic run the firm will likely achieve its market share goal. In addition, the combined prices for both the unit and the blankets are less $1,500, allowing hospitals to make faster purchase decisions without the need of a budget committee approval.The discounted unit price of $494 serves as a great incentive for nurses and physicians that look for a durable product that is efficient, stock-still economical. Skimming Pricing Strategy alternative this strategy consists of setting prices high so that fewer sales are needed to break-even. Advantages to the firm o The firm could sell fewer units to break-even o The Bair Hugger Patient Warming System is perceive to have better value when compared to competitive products o Research suggests that patient would recover faster using this product. o The products technology is not widely used in the United States so the company can send it as a premium quality product. Disadvantages for the firm o Research suggests that the product is price elastic because of its cheaper substitutes. The company could fail to gain its desired market share because of the prices being too high ? There is not patent for the heater/blower unit. Competitors could easily replicate the heater/blowers technology.Calculations Heater/blower unit o Projected Sales in Units 2,826 heater/blowers o Unit selling price $3,500 o Projected Unit Sales $9,891,000 ? (2,826 units)*($3,500) o Cost of unit $380 o Projected Cost of unit $1,073,880 ? (2,826 units) *($380) o Cost of distribution per unit $1,050 per unit ? ($3,500)*(30% distribution margin) o Projected Cost of unit distribution $2,967,300 ? ($1,050 unit distribution)*(2,826 units) Blankets Potential target market 14,700,000 cases (70% of 21 million operations) ? 1,225,000 stacks of 12 blankets each (12 blankets per case) o Stack of blanket selling price $25 o Projected blanket sales $30,625,000 ? (1,225,000 stacks)*($25) o Cost per stack $10. 20= ($0. 85)*(12 blankets per stack) oProjected Cost of blankets $12,495,000 ? (1,225,000 stacks)*($10. 20) o Cost of distribution per stack of blankets $10 per stack ? ($25)*(40% distribution margin) o Projected Cost of blanket distribution $12,250,000 o Total cost of distribution $15,217,300 ? $12,250,000+$2,967,300= $15,217,300 Exhibit 7 Sales from blankets $30,625,000 Sales from units $9,891,000 Total Sales $40,516,000 Cost of blankets $12,495,000 Cost of units $1,073,880 Cost of distribution $15,217,300 Total Profit $11,729,000 The skimming strategy allows the firm to sell fewer units to break-even. The calculations indicate that the firm will be very profitable if it achieves its desired demand of 2,826 heater/blower units and 1,225,000 stacks of blankets. The heater/blower is priced at $3,500 ($500 less than the most comparative product).This price point is attractive because is considerably less than water-circulating blankets prices that could range from $4,850 to $5,295. It is justifiable because the technology of the Bair Hugger Patient Warming System is perceived as more effective, and safer than other alternative methods. It is not widely used in the United States so the firm can position it as a cutting edge product. The units selling price more than satisfies its costs of manufacturing and distribution with the remaining going straight to profits. Under this strategy the disposable blankets are still the driving force of sales revenue because they are disposable and they are a complimentary prod uct to the heater/blower unit.In the long run the demand for heat/blower units will decline and the demand for disposable blankets will continue to increase or remain constant. Stacks of 12 blankets are priced at $25 that will cover manufacture and distribution costs of $10. 20 and $10 respectively leaving almost $5 ($4. 80) contributing to profit. Recommendation Statement The companys problem is determining the price of the Bair Hugger Patient Warming System used to treat postoperative patients suffering from hypothermia. ground on the analysis of the two alternatives Penetration and skimming pricing strategies, I have come to the conclusion that the skimming pricing strategy would be the most efficient in generating profits for the firm.Recommendation Arguments Research commissioned by Augustine Medical Inc. ndicated that nurses and physicians interviewed believed that making the patient feel more comfortable is important. They also believed that the Bair Hugger Patient Warming S ystem would speed up the recovery of postoperative patients. This means that the see value in the product and in my opinion would not mind paying a price of $3,500 per heat/blower unit and $25 per 12-blanket stack for a technology that is safe, more efficient, and not widely used in the United States. The unit-selling price is considerably more economical than other alternative methods such as water-circulating systems and $500 less than the other air-circulating product competitor.Some interview respondents felt that the product was price sensitive to other alternative methods. The strategy reflects that by pricing the blanket stacks at $25, within the $20-26 price range of similar products. In the long run sales from heat/blower units will decline or remain constant while the majority of revenue will be driven by blanket sales because of their disposable use. I believe this is the most effective alternative to pricing the Bair Hugger Patient Warming System since it allows the fir m to maximize profits in the short run by selling heat/blower units while at the same time ensuring that future revenue cash flows come from the sale of disposable blankets.

A Doll’s House Study Guide Essay

Act I Kevin Gao The setting is on Christmas Eve, in the Helmers Ho usancehold. There is the aspect of the contrasting temperature, in which inside the house it is warm, symbolic of security and safety, whereas give awayside it is harsh and cold, symbolic of the real world and how cruel it is. These elaborate argon important in that they set the stage for the rest of the story. The people who live in the house are obviously re solelyy well-off people. They prolong money, yet they are frugal, not very abounding. The title A Dolls House suggests that their home is very decorative.There is a bookcase, fine China, and early(a) neat little ornaments. The characters are all draw as dressed in nice clothing. Nora has all kinds of things on her like money and s teeny-weenyts. Money is very important in the play in that it seems to directly influence the kind of demeanorstyle they live. Ive noticed that the gifts are very tacky, delegateing poor taste, and are very unnecessary and ch ooseless objects. In my opinion, only the rich people seem to be able to afford macaroons and other sweets. The macaroons are characteristic of lavish carriage styles, for people who have season to kill.Nora Initially seems like a silly, naive woman, indicated by her playful attitude (noticeable when she says things like Pooh and Just a tiny wee bit). Her appearance in Act 1 she is very pampered and spoiled by her husband, yet later she reveals her slightly rebellious side, showing that she does not need to be treated as such by Torvald. I predict she will later develop a more independent lifestyle from Torvald. I notice that she is constantly asking for money. Its as if she wants to do things by herself, with her own money. Mrs. Linde is Noras childhood friend. Mrs.Linde is like Noras foil in that her life of poverty seems to underscore Noras wealthy and privileged life. Nora isnt cosmos honest to Torvald. She is obviously lying to Torvald to the highest degree eating the mac aroons, and she is described as being rather uneasy. Nora adores her own children, her most prized possessions. She shows herself as a genuinely loving mother. Torvald delights in his slur of authority as a husband in the house. He believes that it is a mans job to protect and guide his wife. Torvald treats her like a child, which was described as like her male parent would, and is name occupation (little squirrel, little lark) is like he masking his authority with tenderness, and that he sees her as a simpleton who will succumb to his bantering. He constantly reminds Nora not to be a thrift spender. He does not see Nora as an equal, and his teasing, his referrals to her as a girl, and his uses of pithy phrases suggest that Torvald doesnt take her quite seriously. Krogstad is a lawyer who went to school with Torvald. He is essentially the antagonist of the play. He was employed by Torvald, only he might lose his job.He constantly torments Nora with fiscal issues he once loaned t o her, but he blackmails her because he knows she forged her dads signature on their contract, even though he also commit the same crime. His actions arent characteristic of his good intentions and his sympathy for her. Unlike Torvald, who desires to get respect for his own selfish satisfaction, Krogstad wants that respect for the sake of his own family. Krogstad and Mrs. Linde used to be lovers, but she left him because of his immoral behavior and because she wanted to marry someone with more money.Dr. Rank is one of Torvalds friends. Rank seems to be obsessed with talk of the town almost the diseased natures of all the people he is acquainted with, even himself. Nora and Torvald do not think very highly of Dr. Rank he is scarce unimportant to them and everyone else. He does not rank very high in their thoughts, hence the irony in his name. Act II The setting takes place on Christmas Day. The space around the tree is very messy, indicating that they had a Christmas celebration. The inhabit and the tree have been removed of all signs of festivities.The costume is what Nora has to wear to the Stenborgs ball hitherto it is in need of mend. This is representative of how Torvald wants to dress Nora as one would dress a doll. The letter Torvald sent to Krogstad shows his complete narrow-mindedness, as he is not ever-changing and as understanding as the other main characters. The maid hands Nora Krogstads visitor card and tells her that Krogstad will not leave until he has speak with her about the issue. Krogstads letter is used to inform Torvald of the forgery committed by Nora.He uses this as blackmail for Nora to get a better position in the bank. Dr. Rank plays the piano in accompaniment, showing that he is still the supporting character and unimportant, as in the first act. Again, there are repeated aspects of the rich-family theme, with the champagne and the macaroons at the dinner party. Nora has been thinking about leaving her family, specifically, sh e is contemplating suicide. However, she is hesitant about doing so because she is disquieted that her kids will miss her, and she thinks it will be severe for her kids to adapt to life without her.The close she wants to commit suicide is because of her forgery crime on the contract for the money, but she wanted to do this because she knew it was a choice to relieve either Torvald, or her dying father. Nora is afraid that if Torvald find outs about her crime, he will sacrifice himself and take all the blame onto himself (a fantasy she has concocted in her mind) and go to jail, which would be great but terrible at the same time this is the terrible thing she hopes and fears for. Nora does not persist with her request for Dr.Rank because she is disturbed by how he feels about her, as she has stated that there are some people one loves best, and others whom one would almost rather have as companions. Nora wants Christine to be her witness in case she goes mad over the crime she comm itted, or if something happens to her (presumably, her suicide) and her credit is dishonored. To make matters more complicated, Torvald had written a letter notifying Krogstad of his outpouring. Nora tries to stop him by saying that Krogstad has power with the press to bad mouth Torvald.Thats when Torvald makes the connection between him and her father that she fears for Torvald as much as she used to fear for her father, but that he is, unlike her father, not in any legal trouble, which makes him safe from all threats. He tells Nora that he doesnt want to take certify the dismissal letter, as it would show his weakness and that he is easily s directioned by his own wife. This shows his belief that a wife has no authority in a domicile or in business he thinks she knows postal code of the business world and that her opinions have no real intent.This, in turn, shows that he does not know anything about his wife at all, which might lead some to believe that their trade union is no thing but a charade, an act without meaning or purpose. However, it is his knowledge of her that Nora tries to use to her advantage. By calling herself little skylark and little squirrel, she is trying to manipulate him into doing what she wants. However, Torvalds pride is persistent, as well as his stubbornness. He thinks that he must(prenominal) dismiss Krogstad to keep his own appearance of a strong man who is not easily stifled.Also, in my, opinion, Torvalds view of social life has cauline from his very stubbornness. For example, he believes that Nora does things, like warning him of Krogstads power over the newspaper, simply because she loves him, as a typical wife would, and that he must show her that she has nothing to fear (this is that strong manly husband fantasy). Christine agrees to help Nora with her dress because she wants to help her make a good impression with Torvald.Christine, claiming her to be more full-blown and more experienced than Nora, tries to figure out some of Noras problems, specifically, to look out for Dr.Rank and to end her friendship with her Christine does not leave because she is suspicious of Nora, and she knows that she is cover something from her. When Christine reappears, she tries to help Nora understand the fact that her marriage is not what she thinks it really is it is not perfect and she isnt really happy with it. Christine agrees to be Noras witness to knowledge that Nora did that whole act on her own, and that Torvald was not connected to it at all.She agrees because she wants her to continue her endeavor to save Noras marriage she gives Nora the courage and reassurance. Krogstad is sensibly much described as a nuisance to Torvald he is morally diseased to Torvald because he did not confess to his crime of forgery and that there was no justice make onto him. Torvald is disgusted with Krogstad because, since they used to be friends, he calls Torvald by his first name. Torvald would prefer if he showed him more respect as a superior.Krogstad is so desperate because he wants to gain as much respect as he can, and to achieve a high position in the bank, higher than Torvald. He does this in direct to take care of his children. He threatens to use the forgery contract as blackmail to have influence over her and to make her get his job back. He says that he is willing to keep it all a secret as long as Torvald promotes him to a higher position. We learn the Dr. Rank is ill from syphilis, that he received it from his father (who was sexually overindulgent), and that he does not have much time left.This shows Ibsens tragically flawed philosophy that morals are hereditary, for example, Noras naive belief set, that any action is acceptable as long as it benefits her loved one also, another trait is that Noras father everlastingly made excuses, and later passed it calibrate to Nora. Dr. Rank confessed that he loves Nora. Nora is surprised because they have been best friends for a long time, and that she feels that his confession is basically a misinterpretation of her essence toward him.She does not continue with her request because she feels that he would think of it as exploiting his love for her, since he knows now that Nora will reject him. Unlike the other two, Dr. Rank is pretty much the help, as he states it. He has not changed much from the first act in that he is still nothing but a supporting character he remains unimportant in anyones thoughts. Krogstad, unlike Torvald, is working for respect to support his family as well as pitch an appearance/personality for him to others.Dr. Rank is not like Torvald in that he is only one Nora feels she can express herself fully in front of, something she wouldnt dare try to do with Torvald. Act III The setting is in the Helmers household. There is spring music upstairs. The table is in the center of the room with a lamp burning on it, surrounded by chairs. The lamp is like Noras realization at first, there was nothing in the room, but as time went on, a spark grew in her mind, with its own ideas, independent from that of Torvalds.The dress is great, but it shows how possessive Torvald is of Nora, and the costume he dresses her in is from his own choosing, as one would do when dressing a doll. The mailbox is like a cage no outer forces can penetrate it, and it holds Nora captive in the way that she is trapped by the letter inside the mailbox. The door slam at the end is like Nora has finally woken up and has realized that her life for the past 8 years has been an act, nothing more.She closes the door on Torvald, suggesting that she no longer wants Torvalds guidance that she needs to do things on her own from now on. Nora doesnt want to come back into the house because she will never be understood in her house. Torvald will never treat her like an independent woman, that she will always be a child. She leaves what she describes as a strangers house. Noras dance, the tarantella, is an Italian dance. He r dancing is so flustered, and it is constantly full of uncertainty in the moves, which is like Noras character.The dance expresses the idea that an ugly truth, though it might be harmful, is the only way to mend Noras marriage with Torvald it is Noras last chance to be Torvalds little doll, to amuse and satisfy him. She says Never to see him again. Never Never. indicates that she is leaving Torvald and her children, because she still thinks that he will step in and take the blame, and she does not want him to do this. This is also shown in the phrase You shant save me, Torvald. After the second letter, Nora becomes frozen, all quiet and puzzled.Nora suddenly realizes the truth about their marriage that Torvald only cares about aesthetics, and that he would do anything for a seemingly happy marriage. The most wonderful thing it, to its fullest, a marriage that is not tied down by any social bindings. What Nora wants is a marriage that is purely feeling, unconditional love, without duty or responsibility. Torvalds imaginings indicate that he is very self-protective, and that he is worried too much about what others think of him.His reaction to the letter suggest that he does not care about Nora, but that he only cares about himself and whether or not his reputation will be destroyed or not. These selfish reason are based on his desires for appearances also, he forgets that the only reason Nora committed the crime was to save him, which further underlines his selfishness. by He mentions Noras father as a way of saying that it is not his fault, it is Noras fathers fault, and ultimately, her fault as well, which is very different from what Nora thought he would do (to take the blame upon himself).He repeats the most wonderful thing of all because he has no idea what it is, showing how blinded he is by his own fantasy of a real marriage. The story opens with Christine and Krogstad as a way to set the stage for the background story. From the phrases that the two ex change, it is obvious that they were once lovers, but that Christine left Krogstad for someone else with more money. It is also apparent that Christine often regrets throwing him out of their home, and that she justifies it by saying that she had to take care of her own family and siblings. Deep down, she always wanted to stay with Krogstad.Christine is Noras foil in that Christines poor, cruel, and bitter lifestyle seems to underscore Noras lifestyle, and her actions, such as living prudently, underscores Noras wasteful and lavish lifestyle. The quote but now I am quite alone, my life so empty and I fell forsaken. There is not the least pleasure in working for oneself suggests that Christine wants to get back together with Krogstad. Krogstad and Christines blood is like a foil to Nora and Torvalds marriage in that their broken and shipwrecked marriage underlines Nora and Torvalds successful and happy marriage.